Preface ......................................................... v
Li-ION BATTERIES
The Layered LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 Positive Electrode Material for
Li-ion Battery
Asharaf Abdel-Ghany, Karim Zaghib, Christian M. Julien ..... 1
1. Introduction ................................................. 1
2. Structural Considerations .................................... 3
3. Synthesis of LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 Oxides ............................. 7
4. Electronic Properties ....................................... 11
5. Lattice Dynamics ............................................ 18
6. Electrochemical Properties .................................. 24
7. Concluding Remarks .......................................... 31
References .................................................. 33
Structure of Electrode Materials for Li-ion Batteries:
the Raman Spectroscopy Investigations
Christian M. Julien, Michel Massot,
Chintalapalle V. Ramana ................................... 37
1. Introduction ................................................ 37
2. The Raman Scattering Process ................................ 38
3. Raman Features of Manganese Oxides .......................... 47
4. Raman Features of Rock-salt Oxides .......................... 57
5. Raman Features of Lithium-based Phosphates .................. 61
6. Concluding Remarks .......................................... 67
References .................................................. 69
Magnetic Properties of Lithium Intercalation Compounds
Christian M. Julien, Atmane Ait Salah, Alain Manger,
Francois Gendron .......................................... 71
1. Introduction ................................................ 71
2. Experimental ................................................ 73
3. Magnetic Properties of Solid State Materials ................ 74
4. Magnetic Properties of Layered Oxides ....................... 77
5. Magnetic Properties of Spinels .............................. 86
6. Magnetic Properties of Li-phosphates ........................ 91
7. Conclusions ................................................. 97
References .................................................. 98
Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formation in Rechargeable Li
Batteries - I. General Considerations
Martin Winter, Kai-C. Möller, Jörgen O. Besenhard ........ 101
1. Introduction ............................................... 101
2. Metallic Li Anodes in Rechargeable Lithium Batteries ....... 103
3. Carbon Replaces Metallic Li in Rechargeable Lithium
Batteries .................................................. 105
4. SEI Formation on Graphite is a Special Case ................ 106
5. SEI Formation on Lithium Storage Metals and Alloys ......... 108
6. Other Requirements on the Electrolyte and Impacts on the
SEI ........................................................ 111
References ................................................. 114
Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formation in Rechargeable Li
Batteries - II. SEI Forming Electrolyte Components and
Additives
Martin Winter, Kai-C. Möller, Jörgen O. Besenhard ........ 117
1. Introduction ............................................... 117
2. Electrolyte Additives ...................................... 118
3. Electrolyte Additives and Lithium Storage Metals and
Alloys ..................................................... 127
References ................................................. 131
Highly Efficient Lithium Batteries
Branimir I. Banov, Anton A. Momchilov .................... 135
1. Introduction ............................................... 136
2. Electrode Components - General Assumptions ................. 139
3. Manganese Dioxide Spinel ................................... 141
4. Overlithiated Manganese Dioxide Spinels .................... 143
5. Manganese Dioxide Spinel LiMexMn2xO4 (0.01<x<0.20)
Modified with Foreign Ions (Me = Mg, Al) ................... 146
6. Manganese Dioxide Spinel (MgO)xLiMn2O4(0.01<x<0.10)
Coated with Electrochemically Inactive MeO (Me = Mg, Zn) ... 151
7. Physicochemical Properties ................................. 156
References ................................................. 161
Three Volts Vanadates - an Alternative of Four Volts Li
Battery Cathode Materials
Anton A. Momchilov, Branimir I. Banov .................... 165
1. Introduction ............................................... 166
2. Vanadium Bronzes ........................................... 166
References ................................................. 176
METAL HYDRIDE BATTERIES AND HYDROGEN STORAGE
Metal Hydride Electrodes for Battery Applications
Stoyan T. Bliznakov, Alexander К. Popov,
Prokopi P. Andreev ....................................... 111
1. MH Based Batteries-Current State and Future Trends ......... 178
2. Electrochemistry of MH Based Batteries ..................... 180
3. Intermetallic Compounds as Materials for Negative
Electrodes in MH Batteries ................................. 183
4. Preparation of MH Electrodes ............................... 210
5. Conclusions ................................................ 211
References ................................................. 212
Hydrogen Storage in Metal Hydrides
Tony Spassov ............................................. 217
1. Introduction ............................................... 218
2. Hydriding Metals and Alloys ................................ 218
3. Review of Alloys and Composites for Hydrogen Storage ....... 222
4. Nanostructured Magnesium Alloys and Composites for
Hydrogen Storage ........................................... 225
References ................................................. 253
SOLID STATE IN BATTERIES
Lithium Phosphate Based Glasses as Electrolytes for Li-ion
Batteries
Isaac Abrahams, Emina Hadzifejzovic ...................... 257
1. Introduction to the Chemistry of Vitreous Phosphates ....... 257
2. Solid State NMR Studies of Phosphate Glasses ............... 265
3. Ionic Conductivity in Phosphate Glasses .................... 270
4. Phosphate Based Li-ion Conducting Electrolyte Glasses ...... 273
5. Conclusions ................................................ 279
References ................................................. 279
Portable Batteries - Progress in the Market and Materials
Research
Tamara H. Petkova ........................................ 283
1. Present State of the Portable Solid State Batteries
Market ..................................................... 284
2. Trends in the Batteries Market Development ................. 285
3. Review of Electrolyte Materials by Battery Type ............ 286
4. Structural Study of Chalcogenide Glass ..................... 295
5. Concluding Remarks ......................................... 297
References ................................................. 298
METAL AIR BATTERIES
Metal-air Cells: Research and Development
Anastassia R. Kaisheva ................................... 301
1. Introduction ............................................... 301
2. Air Gas-diffusion Electrode ................................ 302
3. Zinc-air Cells ............................................. 321
4. Magnesium-air Cells ........................................ 324
References ................................................. 328
SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS
Recent Developments and New Perspectives in Solid Oxide Fuel
Cells Materials
Antonio Barbucci, Paolo Piccardo, Maria Paola Carpanese,
Massimo Viviani .......................................... 329
1. Introduction ............................................... 330
2. Basic Features of SOFC ..................................... 331
3. Advanced Materials for Cells and Stacks .................... 333
4. Future Trends .............................................. 347
5. Concluding Remarks ......................................... 355
References ................................................. 357
Interconnect Materials for Application in Planar Solid Oxide
Fuel Cells
Kazimierz Przybylski ..................................... 361
1. Introduction ............................................... 362
2. Experimental Procedure ..................................... 364
3. Results and Discussion ..................................... 366
4. Summary .................................................... 379
References ................................................. 381
ENERGY SOURCES TESTING AND INVESTIGATION
Inductance Errors Correction in Impedance Studies of Energy
Sources
Daria E. Vladikova, Zdravko В. Stoynov,
Gergana S. Raikova ....................................... 383
1. Introduction ............................................... 383
2. Analysis of the Inductance Errors .......................... 385
3. Calibration and Inductance Errors Correction ............... 399
4. Conclusions ................................................ 406
References ................................................. 409
Non-stationary Differential Impedance Spectroscopy in Energy
Systems
Zdravko B. Stoynov, Daria E. Vladikova ................... 411
1. Introduction ............................................... 412
2. Non-stationary Differential Impedance Spectroscopy ......... 414
3. NODIS Applications ......................................... 425
References ................................................. 434
Differential Coulometry Spectroscopy
Zdravko В. Stoynov, Daria E. Vladikova ................... 437
1. Introduction ............................................... 437
2. Principle of the Differential Coulometry Spectroscopy ...... 438
3. Experimental ............................................... 442
4. Discussion ................................................. 448
References ................................................. 449
Batteries Test and Management Instrumentation
Prokopi P. Andreev ....................................... 451
1. The Potentiostatic Control System .......................... 452
2. Battery Test Equipment ..................................... 464
3. Intelligent Chargers and Clever Fuel Gauges ................ 474
4. The Smart Battery Concept .................................. 483
5. Conclusions ................................................ 497
References ................................................. 499
Author index .................................................. 505
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