Август 2025 г.

Российская наука и мир (по материалам зарубежной электронной прессы)

CONTENTS / ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ


• Russian volcano, dormant for hundreds of years, erupts after massive nearby quake
• Ocean sediments back comet impact for Younger Dryas
• Russian scientists find new reindeer habitats in Baikal region
• Russia to launch 75 mice, 1,000 fruit flies on Aug. 20 to study spaceflight effects
• Russian mathematician predicted bubble chaos: Kolmogorov’s theory confirmed
• 2,000-year-old Siberian funerary masks reveal secrets of the Tashtyk people
• Only the second of its kind: what this ancient seal reveals about Yaroslav the Wise
• 80,000-year-old stones in Uzbekistan may be the world's oldest arrowheads - and they might have been made by Neanderthals
• Ancient Indian coins unearthed near Suzdal sheds light on early trade links

Впервые за почти пятьсот лет лет в России произошло извержение вулкана Крашенинникова на Камчатке. Столб пепла достигал в высоту около 6 км. Последнее известное извержение этого вулкана произошло около 1550 года.

Russia’s Krasheninnikov volcano erupted for the first time in centuries on August 3, sending ash and gas nearly four miles into the atmosphere - less than 150 miles away from the epicenter of the magnitude 8.8 earthquake that struck on July 29.
The mountain is one of eight active volcanoes in the Kronotsky Nature Reserve and part of the Eastern Kamchatka Volcanic Arc. The eruption began around 6 A.M. local time on Sunday (2 P.M. EDT on August 2), when personnel in the area noticed ash, steam and gas escaping from the slopes of the volcano, according to a Russian-language statement posted on the nature reserve’s website.
The volcano is located on the sparsely populated Kamchatka Peninsula, just across the international date line from Alaska’s Aleutian Islands. Because of its remote location, the volcano presents little threat to humans. Scientists have cataloged 31 previous confirmed eruptions of Krasheninnikov throughout the current Holocene epoch, which began about 11,700 years ago. Its most recent known eruption occurred around 1550, according to the Smithsonian Institution‘s Global Volcanism Program.
Large earthquakes do occasionally trigger nearby volcanic eruptions, according to the U.S. Geological Survey - but only if the volcano is already nearing an eruption, with enough magma stored inside of it undergoing high enough pressure.
Another volcano in the same arc, Klyuchevskoy, is also currently erupting. Scientists watched lava fill the crater beginning in April and confirmed large amounts of fresh lava there on July 19, before the massive earthquake. This volcano has historically been much more active than Krasheninnikov, with more than 111 Holocene eruptions identified by scientists, including more than a dozen in the past two decades.

12800 лет назад в Северном полушарии случилось резкое похолодание, продлившееся почти полторы тысячи лет. Это привело, в частности, к исчезновению культуры Кловис и вымиранию мамонтов в Северной Америке. Одной из вероятных причин похолодания могло стать столкновение Земли с обломками кометы.
Международный коллектив геохимиков из США, России, Великобритании, Чехии и Австралии выявил признаки, свидетельствующие в пользу кометной версии, исследовав образцы кернов со дна моря Баффина, из слоев позднего дриаса, и обнаружив геохимическую аномалию, произошедшую примерно в означенное время.

Analysis of ocean sediments has surfaced geochemical clues in line with the possibility that an encounter with a disintegrating comet 12,800 years ago in the Northern Hemisphere triggered rapid cooling of Earth's air and ocean. Christopher Moore of the University of South Carolina, U.S., and colleagues present these findings in the open-access journal PLOS One on August 6, 2025.
During the abrupt cool-off - the Younger Dryas event - temperatures dropped about 10 degrees Celsius in a year or less, with cooler temperatures lasting about 1,200 years. Many researchers believe that no comet was involved, and that glacial meltwater caused freshening of the Atlantic Ocean, significantly weakening currents that transport warm, tropical water northward. In contrast, the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis posits that Earth passed through debris from a disintegrating comet, with numerous impacts and shockwaves destabilizing ice sheets and causing massive meltwater flooding that shut down key ocean currents.
However, the impact hypothesis has been less well supported, lacking any evidence from ocean sediments. To address that gap, Moore and colleagues analyzed the geochemistry of four seafloor cores from Baffin Bay, near Greenland. Radiocarbon dating suggests the cores include sediments deposited when the Younger Dryas event began. To study them, the researchers used several techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, single-particle inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.
The analysis detected metallic debris whose geochemistry is consistent with comet dust. These occurred alongside microscopic spherical particles whose composition indicates a mostly terrestrial origin, with some materials believed to be extraterrestrial - suggesting these microspherules could have formed when comet fragments exploded just above or upon hitting the ground, melting materials together. The analysis also uncovered even smaller nanoparticles with high levels of platinum, iridium, nickel, and cobalt, which can be signs of extraterrestrial origin.
Together, these findings indicate a geochemical anomaly occurring around when the Younger Dryas event began. However, they do not provide direct evidence supporting the impact hypothesis. More research is needed to confirm whether the findings are indeed evidence of impact, and to firmly link an impact to climate cooling.
Dr. Christopher R. Moore adds: "Our identification of a Younger Dryas impact layer in deep marine sediments underscores the potential of oceanic records to broaden our understanding of this event and its climatological impacts."
Dr. Mohammed Baalousha adds: "It is great to implement our unique nano-analytical tools in a new area of study, namely the analysis of nanoparticles generated or transported to the Baffin Bay core site during the Younger Dryas. We are always happy to implement our tools to support our colleagues and explore new frontiers."
Dr. Vladimir Tselmovich adds: "Collisions of the Earth with comets led to catastrophes leading to climate change, to the death of civilizations. One of these events was a catastrophe that occurred about 12,800 years ago. Having studied in detail the microscopic traces of this disaster in Baffin Bay, we were able to find multiple traces of cometary matter, which was identified by the morphology and composition of the microparticles found. The amount of comet dust in the atmosphere was enough to cause a short-term "impact winter," followed by a 1,400-year cooling period. The results obtained confirm the hypothesis that the Earth collided with a large comet about 12,800 years ago."

Российские ученые обнаружили новые места обитания северных оленей в Байкальском заповеднике в горах Хамар-Дабан (Южное Прибайкалье). Олени Хамар-Дабана относятся к подвиду алтае-саянской популяции и считаются исчезающими. Данные фотоловушек, собранные с 2021 года, подтвердили наличие в заповеднике около двух десятков оленей.

Russian scientists have discovered new reindeer habitats in the Baikal Nature Reserve in the Khamar-Daban mountain range of southern Siberia, local media reported Tuesday, citing the Lake Baikal Foundation.
The reindeer in Khamar-Daban belong to the forest subspecies of the Altai-Sayan population. Camera trap data, collected since 2021, confirmed about two dozen reindeer in the reserve, which are considered endangered.
The findings were made during the latest stage of an expedition, in which researchers trekked more than 100 km through remote areas of mountain tundra.
Scientists found fresh traces of reindeer life - feeding marks, bedding sites and trails, located in areas where the species' presence had previously only been assumed, said the foundation.
Researchers now aim to determine the herd's sex and age structure and assess potential threat from predators. In 2026, scientists plan to fit some reindeer with satellite collars to monitor their movement all year round, according to the foundation.

Россия запустила на орбиту биоспутник «БИОН-М2», на котором находятся несколько десятков грызунов, мухи-дрозофилы, клеточные культуры, микроорганизмы и семена растений. Спутник проведет месяц на полярной орбите, где уровень радиации заметно выше. Цель эксперимента - выяснить влияние космических полетов в подобных условиях на живые существа.

Russia is preparing to loft a "miniature mouse hotel" into space.
The Bion-M No. 2 biosatellite is being readied for its planned Aug. 20 launch atop a Soyuz-2.1b rocket from Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. Onboard are 75 mice and other specimens to be exposed to 30 days of radiation before a parachute-aided return to Russia.
Bion-M No. 2 is being dubbed a "Noah's Ark," because it's loaded with the mice, more than 1,000 fruit flies, cell cultures, microorganisms and plant seeds.
Moon simulants, too
Also onboard is a payload tied to future exploration of the moon.
The Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry teamed with the Institute of Medical and Biological Problems (IMBP) to produce a container holding 16 test tubes. The vials hold lunar simulants - dust and rocks - that mimic surface materials found at high latitudes on the moon. The lunar simulants will be evaluated after their return to Earth, to see how they were affected by the radiation and vacuum of space. This work will provide insight into moon construction ideas, according to Russian space officials.
Radiation susceptibility
According to the IMBP, the Bion-M No. 2 mission will gather a variety of data, including:
Information on the effects of microgravity on organisms' radiation susceptibility, which could aid planning for future deep-space missions;
Data that could aid the development of adjusted requirements for astronaut medical support;
Information on the biological effects of spaceflight that's applicable to medicine here on Earth.
Of mice, men and women
Bion-M No. 2 will reportedly be lofted into a nearly circular orbit at an inclination of roughly 97 degrees - a pole-to-pole orbit - and remain in space for 30 days. That orbit will increase the level of cosmic radiation by at least an order of magnitude compared to that seen on the Bion-M No. 1 spacecraft launched back in April 2013. That spacecraft also remained in Earth orbit for 30 days but flew on a different orbit.
Scientists from the Space Research Institute (IKI) of the Russian Academy of sciences and IMBP will have put more than 10 experiments on the biosatellite. Mice were chosen for several different reasons. Their genes are quite similar to those of human ones, their short life cycle allows researchers to trace the dynamics of changes across generations, and they have increased sensitivity to radiation, according to Roscosmos, Russia's space agency.
Real-time data
Scientists have prepared three groups of mice. The first group will live in familiar conditions here on Earth. The second group will live in a ground laboratory in flight equipment, serving as a control group. The third group of mice will spend 30 days in orbit.
Researchers will receive real-time data on the condition of the rodents using special cameras and sensors inside the boxes that contain them. Each mouse-carrying unit is outfitted with feeding, lighting, ventilation and waste-disposal systems. Chips will be implanted in some rodents.
After the mice return to Earth, researchers will study how they adapted to space and readapted post-flight.
Roscosmos noted that the mission will assist scientists in appraising how spaceflight affects living organisms, in an environment where radiation levels are approximately 30% higher than other near-Earth orbits. This type of data is viewed as central to prepare humans for long-distance spaceflight.

Международная команда ученых экспериментально подтвердила, что теория турбулентности, разработанная выдающимся советским математиком Андреем Колмогоровым в 1941 году, применима и к потокам, вызванным движением пузырьков воздуха в жидкости.

An international team of scientists from Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (Germany), Johns Hopkins University, and Duke University (USA) has confirmed that the turbulence theory developed by the prominent Russian mathematician Andrey Kolmogorov in 1941 applies to flows generated by rising bubbles in liquid. The study, published on June 20, 2025, in Physical Review Letters, provides the first experimental evidence that Kolmogorov scaling (K41) can be applied to bubble-induced turbulence.
Bubble Turbulence: From Soda to the Ocean
Bubble-induced turbulence is widespread: in carbonated drinks, industrial mixers, chemical reactors, wastewater treatment systems, and even ocean waves. When large numbers of bubbles rise through a liquid, their wakes create complex swirling flows that mix the medium. Until now, it was unclear whether Kolmogorov’s classical theory, which describes the energy cascade in turbulent flows, could be applied to such systems, since experiments and simulations had produced contradictory results.
In 1941, Kolmogorov proposed that in turbulent flows with high Reynolds numbers, energy is transferred from large vortices to increasingly smaller ones until it dissipates due to viscosity. His theory, known as K41 scaling, became the foundation for describing turbulence in fluids. But its applicability to bubbly flows remained in question.
The Experiment: 3D Tracking of Bubbles
To test the theory, scientists conducted experiments using advanced 3D Lagrangian tracking technology. In a vertical column 11.5 cm wide, controlled flows of bubbles 3-5 mm in diameter were generated. The motion of bubbles and water particles was recorded with four high-speed cameras operating at 2,500 frames per second. This enabled precise tracking of the small-scale fluid dynamics in the "bubble swarm."
The researchers tested four scenarios by varying bubble size and density. In two cases - moderate bubble sizes (3-5 mm) with moderate density - small-scale turbulence (smaller than the bubble size) matched Kolmogorov’s predictions. Energy was transferred from large vortices to small ones until dissipated by viscosity. This is the first experimental confirmation of K41 in bubble flows.
"Kolmogorov’s theory is elegant. It describes how energy cascades from large vortices to smaller ones until it dissipates through viscous effects, governing the fluctuations of turbulent fluid motion," noted co-author Dr. Andrew Bragg of Duke University.
New Formula and Theory Limitations
The scientists also developed a new mathematical formula for estimating the rate of turbulence decay (energy dissipation), which depends only on bubble size and density. The formula showed excellent agreement with experimental data, making it useful for modeling bubbly flows in real-world systems such as chemical reactors or climate models.
However, the study revealed a limitation: to observe a "pure" Kolmogorov inertial range - where K41 scaling works perfectly - the bubbles must be much larger. In reality, such large bubbles are unstable and tend to break apart, placing a fundamental limit on the theory’s applicability. "Nature doesn’t allow us to achieve perfect Kolmogorov turbulence in bubbly flows, but under the right conditions, we come close," explained Dr. Hendrik Hessenkemper, who conducted the experiments.
Significance of the Discovery
Confirming Kolmogorov’s theory in bubbly flows has important practical and scientific implications:
• Industrial applications: Understanding turbulence in bubble flows will improve the design of chemical reactors, water treatment systems, and other technologies involving gas-liquid mixtures.
• Climate models: Bubble-induced turbulence plays a role in ocean processes that influence climate, and accurate modeling will improve forecasts.
• Fundamental physics: The study adds bubbly flows to the list of systems where Kolmogorov’s theory, developed more than 80 years ago, remains relevant.
The authors note that this is only the beginning. Future research will examine the effects of complex bubble shapes, mixtures, or varying conditions (such as gravity or fluid properties). "The better we understand the fundamental rules of turbulence in bubbly flows, the more effectively we can use them in real-world applications," concluded Dr. Tian Ma, the study’s lead author.

Исследователи Государственного исторического музея реконструировали внешний вид погребальной маски таштыкской культуры, существовавшей в Южной Сибири с I века до н. э. по VII век н. э. Ученые использовали методы 3D-сканирования, цифровой реставрации и алгоритмы искусственного интеллекта.

In Moscow, researchers at the State Historical Museum, in collaboration with technology experts from a leading innovation center, have successfully reconstructed the appearance of a rare funerary mask belonging to the Tashtyk archaeological culture of southern Siberia.
Using cutting-edge 3D scanning, AI-based reconstruction, and digital restoration techniques, scientists recreated the missing elements of a centuries-old artifact, offering the public a vivid glimpse into the spiritual and artistic world of a long-lost civilization.
Rebuilding the Face of the Past with AI
According to the museum’s press service, the digital model was carefully developed based on archaeological evidence, comparisons with similar artifacts, and studies of ancient mask-making methods. The project resulted in an interactive 3D model of the mask that is believed to closely match its original form before damage and deterioration.
"Modern technologies significantly expand the possibilities of archaeological science, allowing us to examine the structure and composition of artifacts without risking damage to priceless cultural heritage," explained Alexey Levykin, Director of the State Historical Museum.
He added that advanced digital radiography is also helping researchers uncover hidden details of ancient objects, from crafting methods to structural features invisible to the naked eye.
A Rich Collection of Funerary Masks
The State Historical Museum currently preserves 26 fully restored Tashtyk masks, six partially preserved examples, and fragments of nearly 200 additional pieces. Most of these were unearthed during archaeological excavations in the Yenisei Governorate (modern-day Krasnoyarsk Krai) between the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
The recently restored mask is one of many extraordinary finds linked to the Tashtyk culture, which flourished in southern Siberia between the 1st century BCE and the 7th century CE. These masks, often made of gypsum or plaster, were an integral part of elaborate funerary rituals practiced by the Tashtyk people.
The Meaning of Tashtyk Masks
Unlike many ancient cultures that practiced inhumation (burial of the body), the Tashtyk were known for cremation rituals. After cremating the deceased, families would place a carefully crafted funerary mask on a mannequin-like effigy of the dead person. The mask preserved the likeness of the individual and became the centerpiece of complex commemorative ceremonies that lasted months or even years.
These masks often had finely painted features and were sometimes adorned with hair, jewelry, or textiles. Scholars believe they symbolized both ancestor veneration and the continuity of life after death, making them more than mere artistic objects - they were sacred vessels of memory and identity.
Rediscovering the Tashtyk Civilization
The Tashtyk people themselves remain something of a mystery. Archaeological research suggests they were a multi-ethnic community, influenced by Scythian, Sarmatian, and Central Asian nomadic groups. They lived in fortified settlements, practiced agriculture, and were skilled artisans, particularly in metalwork and textile production. Their culture eventually disappeared around the 7th century CE, absorbed by waves of Turkic migrations across Siberia.
Despite their disappearance, the Tashtyk left behind striking material evidence, with funerary masks being among the most iconic symbols of their civilization. Many of these masks reveal detailed facial expressions, offering unique anthropological insights into the physical appearance and cultural values of ancient Siberian peoples.
Preserving Heritage with Digital Tools
The fusion of archaeology and artificial intelligence has opened a new chapter in the preservation of world heritage. By combining traditional excavation with digital restoration, researchers not only safeguard fragile artifacts but also make them accessible to global audiences. Interactive 3D models can now be studied online by scholars and appreciated virtually by museum visitors worldwide.
For the Tashtyk masks, this means that even fragments can be digitally reconstructed, providing a fuller understanding of the community’s burial traditions and spiritual worldview. As AI-driven archaeology develops further, more ancient cultures may be revived virtually, helping bridge the gap between the distant past and modern society.
The digital resurrection of the Tashtyk funerary mask highlights both the enduring legacy of a vanished Siberian civilization and the power of modern technology to bring history back to life. What once lay silent in the earth for nearly two millennia now reappears, not only as an artifact but as a story of human creativity, ritual, and memory.

При раскопках в Великом Новгороде экспедиция Института археологии РАН обнаружила уникальную свинцовую печать, атрибутированную позже князю Ярославу Мудрому. Печать относится к новгородскому периоду княжения Ярослава (1010-1019 гг.), что делает ее одной из самых старых обнаруженных русских печатей.

A team from the Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences discovered a lead seal attributed to Prince Yaroslav I the Wise (978-1054) during rescue excavations at Yaroslav’s Court in Veliky Novgorod, according to RBC.
This is the second seal of Yaroslav found in Novgorod; the first surfaced in 1994 at the Trinity excavation. Specialists said the new find was the first to be identified in the context of Yaroslav’s Novgorod period.
Researchers described the artifact as one of the oldest Russian seals and linked it to Yaroslav’s administrative activity in Novgorod, where he could certify documents. The Institute said the find broadened understanding of the administrative systems of Kievan Rus and confirmed the presence of an 11th century urban public center at Yaroslav’s Court, where there had been no direct evidence.
One face shows Saint George with a spear at his right shoulder, similar to the 1994 seal, which also depicted the saint with a spear and shield. The obverse carries a princely sign in the form of a trident with a circle atop the middle prong, with traces of a circular Greek inscription divided at the top by a cross, according to Gazeta.ru.
Petr Gaydukov, deputy director of the Institute of Archaeology, said the discovery offered new data on the administrative culture of the early 11th century and on the first century of Novgorod’s existence, which is poorly reflected in written sources.
Experts said the seal’s design echoed coins minted by Yaroslav in Novgorod in the early 11th century; only eight of these coins, known as Yaroslavl Silver, are known, and the parallel allowed researchers to attribute the seal to Yaroslav’s Novgorod administration between 1010 and 1019.

Археологи Института археологии и этнографии СО РАН совместно с коллегами из Франции, Бельгии и Узбекистана проанализировали около 200 каменных артефактов, найденных в 2000-х гг. на охотничьей стоянке в пещере Оби-Рахмат (Узбекистан) и пришли к выводу, что 20 из них могли использоваться как наконечники для стрел. Возраст артефактов около 80 тысяч лет, что делает их древнейшими из известных наконечников за пределами Африки и отодвигает начало использования лука и стрел в Евразии почти на 30 тысяч лет ранее.

Tiny stone artifacts discovered in Uzbekistan may be the oldest known arrowheads, a new study suggests. It remains unclear whether these stone tools were created by modern humans, Neanderthals or some other group.
Archaeologists found the tools at the site of Obi-Rakhmat in northeastern Uzbekistan. Previous excavations uncovered a variety of stone tools at the site, such as thin and wide blades, and smaller "bladelets." But numerous small, triangular points - called "microliths" - were overlooked in prior work because they were broken.
Now, in a study published Aug. 11 in the journal PLOS One, the researchers argue that these "micropoints" are too narrow to have fit onto anything other than arrow-like shafts. The stones also display the kind of damage that would be expected from used arrowheads, study co-author Hugues Plisson, an associate scientist at the University of Bordeaux in France, told Live Science.
These micropoints, which are about 80,000 years old, may therefore be the oldest arrowheads in the world - around 6,000 years older than 74,000-year-old artifacts unearthed in Ethiopia, the researchers say.
The scientists expect their work to raise doubts.
"The bows themselves and the arrow shafts have not been preserved, so some skepticism from colleagues is expected," study co-author Andrey Krivoshapkin, director of the Siberian branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences' Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, told Live Science.
Still, these findings suggest "complicated early weapons and hunting technologies were more geographically widespread at an earlier date than previously supposed," Christian Tryon, a Paleolithic archaeologist at the University of Connecticut who did not take part in this research, told Live Science. "As usual, we consistently underestimate the abilities of our ancestors."
It remains uncertain which group created the stone artifacts found at Obi-Rakhmat.
While excavating at the site in 2003, archaeologists discovered six teeth and 121 skull fragments from a child between 9 and 12 years old. Although the teeth resembled those of Neanderthals, the skull's features were more ambiguous, raising the question of whether the child was a member of our species, or possibly a hybrid between Homo sapiens and a Neanderthal or Denisovan.
Central Asia was Neanderthal territory when the oldest of these potential arrowheads were made in Obi-Rakhmat, Plisson said. However, there are no known Neanderthal arrowheads, the study noted. The researchers suggested the Obi-Rakhmat artifacts were most likely created by H. sapiens.
"The appearance of the Obi-Rakhmat population in Central Asia coincides with the presumed time of the dispersal of anatomically modern humans in Eurasia," Krivoshapkin said. The researchers told Live Science that these migrants might have originated from the Levant, the eastern Mediterranean region that today includes Israel, the Palestinian territories, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria and some surrounding areas.
When modern humans arrived, the region that included Obi-Rakhmat may have already been inhabited by other groups, such as Neanderthals, the scientists contended, adding that the microlith technology could have helped them obtain food in their new environment.
"Our discovery helps us identify the subsistence characteristics that allowed the Obi-Rakhmat people to successfully compete with groups who had long since adapted to living in the landscapes we are studying," Krivoshapkin said.
The scientists are now attempting to discover when the people of Obi-Rakhmat first arrived in Central Asia. They hope to find archaeological and genetic links between them and groups in the Levant. They also plan to investigate other, potentially older archaeological sites in the region, which may reveal arrowheads even older than 80,000 years.
"These innovations could have appeared much earlier and persisted over a long period," Krivoshapkin said.
"It would be wonderful to find the sites where the hunting actually took place," Tryon said. "But these sites are difficult to find on the landscape."

В ходе раскопок, проводимых Институтом археологии РАН недалеко от Суздаля, было обнаружено несколько редких артефактов, в том числе индийская серебряная монета джитал. Такие монеты ходили в Афганистане, Пакистане и на севере Индии, а именно этот тип монет чеканился в Кабульском регионе в VIII-IX вв.

Archaeologists working in Russia’s Vladimir region have made a remarkable discovery that could reshape our understanding of early medieval trade networks.
Excavations by the Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences at the Gnezdilovo burial ground, located near the historic town of Suzdal, uncovered several rare artefacts, including an ancient Indian coin made of silver known as a jital.
According to experts, the coin dates from the 8th to 9th centuries AD which was minted in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and northern India.
The Middle Ages saw jitals become a common form of currency throughout the South and Central Asian regions, however, examples of Indian coins from this period are extremely rare in northern locations and indicates distant trade relations.
Historical records indicate that foreign coins, including Indian ones, occasionally entered Rus’ through merchant activities but the actual number of coins reaching traders remained small.
The research team intends to continue its excavations at Gnezdilovo, aiming to gather further insights into the daily life, trade practices, and cultural exchanges of the region’s inhabitants at the dawn of the last millennium. Each new artifact adds another piece to the puzzle of how local societies transitioned into the vibrant centers of Rus’ civilization that would later flourish.

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