Preface ........................................................ XI
List of Contributors ........................................... XV
8. SQUID Voltmeters and Amplifiers ............................. 1
J. Clarke, A.T. Lee, M. Mück and P.L. Richards
8.1. Introduction .......................................... 3
8.2. Voltmeters ............................................ 4
8.3. The SQUID as a Radiofrequency Amplifier ............... 5
8.4. Microstrip SQUID Amplifier ........................... 20
8.5. SQUID Readout of Thermal Detectors ................... 32
8.6. Nuclear Magnetic and Quadrupole Resonance and
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ........................... 56
8.7. The Axion Detector ................................... 81
9. SQUIDs for Standards and Metrology ......................... 95
J. Gallop and F. Piquemal
9.1. Introduction ......................................... 96
9.2. SQUIDs in Voltage Metrology .......................... 97
9.3. Cryogenic Current Comparator (CCC) .................. 101
9.4. Other Current Metrological Applications of SQUIDs ... 123
9.5. Future Trends and Conclusion ........................ 129
10. The Magnetic Inverse Problem .............................. 139
E. A. Lima, A. Irimia and J. P. Wikswo
10.1. The Peculiarities of the Magnetic Inverse Problem ... 141
10.2. The Magnetic Forward Problem ........................ 145
10.3. The Magnetic Inverse Problem ........................ 168
10.4. Conclusions ......................................... 254
11. Biomagnetism .............................................. 269
J. Vrba, J. Nenonen and L. Trahms
11.1. Introduction ........................................ 271
11.2. Magnetoencephalography .............................. 274
11.3. Magnetocardiography ................................. 321
11.4. Quasistatic Field Magnetometry ...................... 342
11.5. Magnetoneurography .................................. 346
11.6. Liver Susceptometry ................................. 351
11.7. Gastromagnetometry .................................. 356
11.8. Magnetic Relaxation Immunoassays .................... 360
12. Measurements of Magnetism and Magnetic Properties
of Matter ................................................. 391
R.C. Black and F.C. Wellstood
12.1. Introduction 392
12.2. The SQUID Magnetometer-Susceptometer 392
12.3. Scanning SQUID Microscopy 409
13. Nondestructive Evaluation of Materials and Structures
using SQUIDs .............................................. 441
H.-J. Krause and C. Donaldson
13.1. Introduction ........................................ 442
13.2. Detection of Magnetic Moments ....................... 445
13.3. Magnetic Flux Leakage Technique ..................... 448
13.4. Static Current Distribution Mapping ................. 452
13.5. Eddy Current Technique .............................. 453
13.6. Alternative Excitation Techniques ................... 467
13.7. Conclusion and Prospects ............................ 472
14. SQUIDs for Geophysical Survey and Magnetic Anomaly
Detection ................................................. 481
T.R. Clem, C.P. Foley, M.N. Keene
14.1. Introduction ........................................ 483
14.2. Magnetic Measurements in the Earth's Field .......... 484
14.3. Operation of SQUIDs in Real World Environments ...... 494
14.4. Data Acquisition and Signal Processing .............. 499
14.5. Geophysical Applications of SQUIDs .................. 504
14.6. Magnetic Anomaly Detection Systems using SQUIDs ..... 527
14.7. Future Prospects .................................... 536
15. Gravity and Motion Sensors ................................ 545
Ho J. Paik
15.1. Introduction ........................................ 546
15.2. The Superconducting Accelerometer ................... 547
15.3. Superconducting Transducer for Gravitational-Wave
Detectors ........................................... 548
15.4. Superconducting Gravity Gradiometers (SGGs) ......... 554
15.5. Applications of the SGG Technology .................. 563
15.6. Outlook ............................................. 575
Appendix ...................................................... 582
Physical Constants, Abbreviations and Symbols
Index ......................................................... 617
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