1. Introduction ................................................. 1
Klaus Reders
1.1. History of the Spark Ignited "Otto" Engine and of
Gasoline ................................................ 2
1.2. History of the Diesel Engine and of Diesel Fuel ........ 11
2. Oil Refining ................................................ 17
Gunter Alfke, Walther W. Irion, Otto S. Neuwirth
2.1. Introduction ........................................... 17
2.2. Crude Oils and Products ................................ 22
2.3. Oil Refining Processes ................................. 29
2.4. Environmental Protection in Oil Refining ............... 71
2.5. Integrated Refinery Models ............................. 85
2.6. Corrosion and Materials ................................ 89
2.7. Testing and Analysis ................................... 91
2.8. Storage and Transport .................................. 93
2.9. References 93 Abbreviations ............................ 95
3. Automotive Fuels ............................................ 97
Werner Dabelstein, Arno Reglitzky, Andrea Schütze,
Klaus Reders
3.1. History ................................................ 97
3.2. Engine Technology ...................................... 99
3.3. Fuel Composition and Engine Efficiency ................ 103
3.4. Fuel Components ....................................... 114
3.5. Fuel Additives ........................................ 121
3.6. Fuel Standardization and Testing ...................... 136
3.7. Storage and Transportation ............................ 138
3.8. Alternative Fuels ..................................... 139
3.8.1. Liquefied Petroleum Gas ........................ 140
Stephen M. Thompson, Gary Robertson,
Robert Myers
3.8.2. Natural Gas .................................... 152
Klaus Reders, Margret Schmidt
3.8.3. Synthetic Fuels ................................ 166
H.P. Calis, Wolfgang Lüke, Ingo Drescher
3.8.4. Bioethanol ..................................... 175
Lutz Guderjahn
3.8.5. Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) ................ 187
Klaus Reders, Margret Schmidt
3.9. References ............................................ 192
4. Hydrogen ................................................... 197
Harald Klein, Harald Ranke
4.1. History .............................................. 197
4.2. Properties ........................................... 198
4.3. Occurrence ........................................... 202
4.4. Production ........................................... 203
4.5. Handling ............................................. 216
4.6. Hydrogen Fuel Systems ................................ 226
4.7. References ........................................... 232
5. Fuel Cells ................................................. 235
Matthias Duisberg, Marco Lopez, Katharina Seitz,
Gerhard Sext
5.1. The Function of Fuel Cells ............................ 235
5.2. History ............................................... 236
5.3. Fuel Cells and their Applications ..................... 238
5.4. Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells ........................ 241
5.5. Fuel Processing ....................................... 247
5.6. Fuel Cells for Vehicle Propulsion ..................... 248
5.7. References ............................................ 250
6. Octane Enhancers ........................................... 253
6.1. Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether and Ethyl Tert-Butyl Ether .... 253
Udo Peters, Franz Nierlich, Ekkehard Schulte-
Körne, Michael Sakuth, Rula Deeb, Maryline
Laugier, Martti Suominen, Michael Kavanaugh
6.2. Other Octane Enhancers ................................ 275
Kuno Schädlich, Peter Schug, Jörg Fabri, Werner
Dabelstein, Arno Reglitzky
6.3. References ............................................ 296
7. Automobile Exhaust Control ................................. 299
Martin Votsmeier, Thomas Kreuzer, Gerhard Lepperhoff
7.1. Introduction .......................................... 299
7.2. Pollutant Formation and Limitation .................... 300
7.3. Developments in Engine Technology ..................... 303
7.4. Catalytic Exhaust Aftertreatment, General Concepts .... 304
7.5. Catalytic Aftertreatment of Stoichiometric Exhaust
Gas ................................................... 308
7.6. Catalytic Aftertreatment of Lean Exhaust Gas .......... 313
7.7. Conclusion and Outlook ................................ 319
7.8. References ............................................ 319
8. Aviation Turbine Fuels ..................................... 321
Geoff J. Bishop
8.1. History ............................................... 321
8.2. Fuel Types and Specifications ......................... 321
8.3. Production ............................................ 333
8.4. Handling, Storage, and Transportation ................. 336
8.5. Legal Aspects ......................................... 337
8.6. Environmental Aspects ................................. 337
8.7. Economic Aspects ...................................... 338
8.8. Future Trends ......................................... 338
8.9. References ............................................ 340
9. Marine Fuels ............................................... 343
Klaus Reders, Torsten Mundt
9.1. History ............................................... 343
9.2. Specifications ........................................ 344
9.3. Composition ........................................... 344
9.4. Properties ............................................ 347
9.5. Outlook ............................................... 350
Index ......................................................... 351
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