Spellman F.R. Stream ecology and self-purification: an introduction
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Spellman F.R. Stream ecology and self-purification: an introduction / Spellman F.R., Drinan J.E. - 2nd ed. - Lancaster: Technomic, 2001. - 261 p. - ISBN 1-58716-086-2.
 
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Preface ................................................................... xi
Prologue .................................................................. xv

1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................ 1

     1.1   Setting the Stage ............................................... 1
     1.2   Definitions of Key Terms ........................................ 3
     1.3   Levels of Organization .......................................... 8
     1.4   Ecosystem ....................................................... 9
     1.5   Summary of Key Terms ........................................... 11
     1.6   Chapter Review Questions ....................................... 11

2. STREAM GENESIS AND STRUCTURE ........................................... 15

     2.1   Introduction ................................................... 15
     2.2   Water Flow in a Stream ......................................... 16
     2.3   Stream Water Discharge ......................................... 17
     2.4   Transport of Material .......................................... 18
     2.5   Characteristics of Stream Channels ............................. 20
     2.6   Stream Profiles ................................................ 20
     2.7   Sinuosity ...................................................... 20
     2.8   Bars, Riffles, and Pools ....................................... 22
     2.9   The Floodplain ................................................. 22
     2.10  Summary of Key Terms ........................................... 23
     2.11  Chapter Review Questions ....................................... 24

3. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES .................................................. 25

     3.1   Nutrient Cycles ................................................ 25
     3.2   Carbon Cycle ................................................... 28
     3.3   Nitrogen Cycle ................................................. 29
     3.4   Phosphorus Cycle ............................................... 32
     3.5   Sulfur Cycle ................................................... 33
     3.6   Summary of Key Terms ........................................... 34
     3.7   Chapter Review Questions ....................................... 35

4. ENERGY FLOW IN THE ECOSYSTEM ........................................... 37

     4.1   Introduction ................................................... 37
     4.2   Flow of Energy: The Basics ..................................... 37
     4.3   Food Chain Efficiency .......................................... 39
     4.4   Ecological Pyramids ............................................ 41
     4.5   Productivity ................................................... 42
     4.6   Productivity: The Bottom Line .................................. 44
     4.7   Summary of Key Terms ........................................... 45
     4.8   Chapter Review Questions ....................................... 45

5. POPULATION ECOLOGY ..................................................... 47

     5.1   The 411 on Population Ecology .................................. 47
     5.2   Population Ecology: How Is It Applied to Stream Ecology? ....... 48
     5.3   Distribution ................................................... 51
     5.4   Population Growth .............................................. 52
     5.5   Population Response to Stress .................................. 55
     5.6   Population Response to Stress and Stream Ecology ............... 61
     5.7   Summary of Key Terms ........................................... 63
     5.8   Chapter Review Questions ....................................... 63

6. STREAM WATER ........................................................... 65

     6.1   Where Is Earth's Water Located? ................................ 65
     6.2   Water: Earth's Blood ........................................... 67
     6.3   Water, or Hydrologic, Cycle .................................... 68
     6.4   Stream Water ................................................... 68
     6.5   Key Term ....................................................... 70
     6.6   Chapter Review Questions ....................................... 70

7. FRESHWATER ECOLOGY ..................................................... 73

     7.1   Normal Stream Life ............................................. 73
     7.2   Freshwater Ecology ............................................. 73
     7.3   Lentic Habitat ................................................. 74
     7.4   Lotic Habitat .................................................. 77
     7.5   Limiting Factors ............................................... 79
     7.6   Lentic Communities ............................................. 86
     7.7   Classification of Lakes ........................................ 87
     7.8   Major Differences Between Lotic and Lentic Systems ............. 89
     7.9   Summary of Key Terms ........................................... 90
     7.10  Chapter Review Questions ....................................... 91

8. STREAM ECOLOGY ......................................................... 93

     8.1   Introduction ................................................... 93
     8.2   Life Cycle of Streams .......................................... 94
     8.3   Unique Characteristics of Streams .............................. 94
     8.4   Stream Habitats ................................................ 95
     8.5   Adaptations to Stream Current .................................. 96
     8.6   General Stream Adaptations ..................................... 98
     8.7   Benthic Life: An Overview ...................................... 99
     8.8   Summary of Key Terms .......................................... 100
     8.9   Chapter Review Questions ...................................... 101

9. BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES ............................................ 103

     9.1   Benthic Macroinvertebrates .................................... 103
     9.2   Benthic Macroinvertebrates: Indicator Organisms ............... 104
     9.3   Identification of Benthic Macroinvertebrates .................. 106
     9.4   Macroinvertebrates: Units of Organization ..................... 109
     9.5   Variation in Diversity of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Species ... 110
     9.6   Typical Stream Benthic Macroinvertebrates ..................... 110
     9.7   Summary of Key Terms .......................................... 129
     9.8   Chapter Review Questions ...................................... 131

 10. STREAM POLLUTION .................................................... 133

     10.1  What Is Stream Pollution? ..................................... 133
     10.2  Stream Pollution Laws ......................................... 134
     10.3  Stream Pollutants ............................................. 136
     10.4  Selected Indicators of Stream Water Quality ................... 142
     10.5  Summary of Key Terms .......................................... 147
     10.6  Chapter Review Questions ...................................... 148

11. BIOMONITORING ........................................................ 149

     11.1  What Is Biomonitoring? ........................................ 149
     11.2  Biotic Index .................................................. 151
     11.3  Benthic Macroinvertebrate Biotic Index ........................ 153
     11.4  Summary of Key Terms .......................................... 154
     11.5  Chapter Review Questions ...................................... 154

12. SELF-PURIFICATION OF STREAMS ......................................... 157

     12.1  Balancing the "Aquarium" ...................................... 157
     12.2  Sources of Stream Pollution ................................... 159
     12.3  Saprobity of a Stream ......................................... 161
     12.4  Organisms and Their Role in Self-Purification ................. 168
     12.5  Oxygen Sag (Deoxygenation) .................................... 169
     12.6  Other Factors Affecting DO Levels in Streams .................. 170
     12.7  Impact of Wastewater Treatment on DO Levels in the Stream ..... 171
     12.8  Variables That Improve and Degrade Stream Quality ............. 172
     12.9  Measuring Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) ..................... 180
     12.10 Measuring Dissolved Oxygen in a Stream ........................ 180
     12.11 Stream Purification: A Quantitative Analysis .................. 181
     12.12 Summary of Key Terms .......................................... 186
     12.13 Chapter Review Questions ...................................... 187

13. BIOLOGICAL SAMPLING .................................................. 189

     13.1  Biological Sampling: The Nuts and Bolts of Stream Ecology ..... 189
     13.2  Biological Sampling: Planning ................................. 190
     13.3  Sampling Locations (Stations) ................................. 192
     13.4  Statistical Concepts .......................................... 195
     13.5  Sample Collection ............................................. 198
     13.6  Sampling Devices .............................................. 213
     13.7  The Bottom Line: Can We Afford Healthy Streams? ............... 219
     13.8  Summary of Key Terms .......................................... 221
     13.9  Chapter Review Questions ...................................... 221
     13.10 Suggested Reading ............................................. 222

14. FINAL COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION ...................................... 225

Appendix A—Answers to Chapter Review Questions ........................... 237
Appendix B—Answers to Final Comprehensive Examination .................... 245
Related Reading .......................................................... 249
Index .................................................................... 257


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