List of illustrations ............................................ vii Some explanatory notes .......................................... xiii Acknowledgements .................................................. xv Abbreviations .................................................... xvi Introduction ....................................................... 1 1 The industry before 1949 ........................................... 8 Development by foreign interests ................................... 8 Production ......................................................... 9 Financing ......................................................... 18 Transport ......................................................... 20 Consumption ....................................................... 23 The pre-1949 legacy ............................................... 25 2 Mao's adaptation of Soviet central planning: effects on the industry ........................................... 27 Soviet central planning applied to the Chinese coal industry ...... 27 Socialism with Chinese characteristics: Mao's frustration with central planning ........................... 35 3 Economic assessment of the industry on the eve of the reform and opening up programme ............................... 52 Production ........................................................ 52 Financing ......................................................... 76 Transport ......................................................... 87 Consumption ....................................................... 93 Summary .......................................................... 107 4 The industry and Deng's reforms .................................. 110 Introduction ..................................................... 110 The speeches and writings of Coal Minister Gao Yangwen, 1979-85 ............................................. 111 Production ....................................................... 112 Financing ........................................................ 124 Transport ........................................................ 130 Consumption ...................................................... 133 5 Central planning in the industry giving way to marketization ..... 136 Introduction ..................................................... 136 The Seventh Five Year Plan: 1986-90 .............................. 141 The Eighth Five Year Plan: 1991-95 ............................... 151 The Ninth Five Year Plan: 1996-2000 .............................. 161 6 Economic assessment of the industry after twenty years of reforms .......................................... 176 Production ....................................................... 176 Financing ........................................................ 224 Transport ........................................................ 257 Consumption ...................................................... 264 7 Retrospect and prospect .......................................... 297 Retrospect ....................................................... 297 Prospect ......................................................... 303 Epilogue ......................................................... 315 Notes ............................................................ 320 Bibliography ..................................................... 373 Index ............................................................ 403