LIST OF FIGURES ................................................ ix
LIST OF TABLES ................................................. xi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................. xiii
1 Introduction: Knowledge, Options, and Institutions ........... 1
PART I KNOWLEDGE, COORDINATION, CATEGORIES, IDENTITY
2 Knowledge of the Firm, Combinative Capabilities, and
the Replication of Technology, with Udo Zander .............. 47
3 Knowledge and the Speed of the Transfer and Imitation
of Organizational Capabilities: An Empirical Test, with
Udo Zander .................................................. 65
4 What Firms Do: Coordination, Identity, and Learning, with
Udo Zander .................................................. 92
PART II VENTURES, VALUE, AND OPTIONS
5 Joint Ventures: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives ..... 119
6 Joint Ventures and the Option to Expand and Acquire ........ 128
7 Operating Flexibility, Global Manufacturing, and
the Option Value of a Multinational Network, with Nalin
Kulatilaka ................................................. 146
8 Strategy, Heuristics, and Real Options, with Nalin
Kulatilaka ................................................. 170
PART III PRACTICES AND INSTITUTIONS: THEIR DIFFUSION AND
GEOGRAPHY
9 National Systems, Organizational Practices, and
Institutions ............................................... 201
10 Prototypes and Strategy: Assigning Causal Credit Using
Fuzzy Sets, with John Paul MacDuffie and Charles Ragin ..... 228
11 Localization of Knowledge and the Mobility of Engineers
in Regional Networks, with Paul Almeida .................... 265
12 Open-Source Software Development and Distributed
Innovation, with Anca Metiu ................................ 284
PART IV LOOKING FORWARD
13 The Network as Knowledge: Generative Rules and the
Emergence of Structure ..................................... 309
REFERENCES .................................................... 333
INDEX ......................................................... 363
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