List of abbreviations ........................................... 1
General outline of the chapters ................................. 2
Chapter 1 - Introduction ........................................ 3
1.1 Environmental factors in Ecotoxicology ..................... 3
1.2 The assessment of pesticide effects in relation to
environmental factors ...................................... 8
1.3 Research questions and aim of the thesis .................. 12
1.4 References Chapter 1 ...................................... 14
Chapter 2: Intraspecific competition increases toxicant
effects in outdoor pond microcosms ............................. 21
2.1 Abstract .................................................. 22
2.2 Introduction .............................................. 22
2.3 Materials and methods ..................................... 23
2.4 Results ................................................... 31
2.5 Discussion ................................................ 36
2.6 Conclusions ............................................... 39
2.7 Acknowledgments ........................................... 39
2.8 References Chapter 2 ...................................... 39
Chapter 3: Interspecific competition delays recovery of
Daphnia spp. populations from pesticide stress ................. 45
3.1 Abstract .................................................. 46
3.2 Introduction .............................................. 46
3.3 Materials and methods ..................................... 48
3.4 Results ................................................... 55
3.5 Discussion ................................................ 61
3.6 Conclusion ................................................ 64
3.7 Acknowledgments ........................................... 65
3.8 References Chapter 3 ...................................... 65
Chapter 4: Periods of elevated temperature prolong long-term
effects of toxicants by altered competition .................... 71
4.1 Abstract .................................................. 72
4.2 Introduction .............................................. 73
4.3 Material and methods ...................................... 75
4.4 Results ................................................... 81
4.5 Discussion ................................................ 89
4.6 Conclusions ............................................... 93
4.7 Acknowledgements .......................................... 93
4.8 References Chapter 4 ...................................... 93
Chapter 5 - Discussion and outlook ............................ 101
5.1 Influence of intraspecific competition on the short-
term sensitivity of Daphnia spp. to pesticides ........... 101
5.2 Recovery from pesticides of sensitive taxa in the
community context ........................................ 102
5.3 Representativity of the outcomes for pesticide effects
in the field ............................................. 105
5.4 Implications for the ecological risk assessment and
outlook .................................................. 108
5.5 References Chapter 5 ..................................... 109
Acknowledgements .............................................. 117
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