Preface ........................................................ xi
Acknowledgments ............................................... xix
1 Metabolic Synthesis .......................................... 1
2 Chemical Biomarker Applications to Ecology and
Paleoecology ................................................ 19
3 Stable Isotopes and Radiocarbon ............................. 30
4 Analytical Chemical Methods and Instrumentation ............. 49
5 Carbohydrates: Neutral and Minor Sugars ..................... 79
6 Proteins: Amino Acids and Amines ............................ 98
7 Nucleic Acids and Molecular Tools .......................... 127
8 Lipids: Fatty Acids ........................................ 144
9 Isoprenoid Lipids: Steroids, Hopanoids, and Triterpenoids .. 169
10 Lipids: Hydrocarbons ....................................... 185
11 Lipids: Alkenones, Polar Lipids, and Ether Lipids .......... 207
12 Photosynthetic Pigments: Chlorophylls, Carotenoids, and
Phycobilins ................................................ 221
13 Lignins, Cutins, and Suberins .............................. 248
14 Anthropogenic Markers ...................................... 267
Appendix I. Atomic Weights of Elements ........................ 287
Appendix II. Useful SI Units and Conversion Factors ........... 291
Appendix III. Physical and Chemical Constants ................. 293
Glossary ...................................................... 295
Bibliography .................................................. 309
Index ......................................................... 385
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