List of plates, figures and tables .............................. x
List of acronyms .............................................. xvi
1 Introduction ................................................. 1
1.1 Tourism and climate change .............................. 1
1.2 Rationale and structure of the book ..................... 4
2 Recent Advances in Knowledge and Understanding ............... 8
2.1 Climate change science .................................. 8
2.2 The climate change debate .............................. 11
2.3 Policy for climate change and tourism .................. 12
2.4 Measuring greenhouse gas emissions by tourism .......... 15
2.5 Supply-side responses to climate change ................ 18
2.6 The environmental behaviour of tourists ................ 20
2.7 Tourist perceptions of climate and weather ............. 23
2.8 Local impacts and destination-level adaptation ......... 25
2.9 Future-oriented analyses ............................... 28
2.10 Conclusion ............................................. 30
3 Adaptation Policy, Planning and Institutions ................ 31
3.1 Introduction ........................................... 31
3.2 Ensuring a strong enabling environment ................. 33
3.3 Incorporating managing climate risks into national
policies and plans ..................................... 35
3.4 Adaptation policy making and planning at the
sub-national and business levels ....................... 41
3.5 Adaptation policy making and planning at
multi-country and international levels ................. 50
3.6 Conclusion ............................................. 52
4 Adaptation Practice ......................................... 55
4.1 Introduction ........................................... 55
4.2 Incentive to travel, and appeal of potential
destinations ........................................... 57
4.3 Transport infrastructure and services used by
tourists ............................................... 64
4.4 Managing tourism's resource base ....................... 72
4.5 Managing tourist satisfaction, health and safety ....... 83
4.6 Managing the sustainability of facilities, operations
and destinations ....................................... 95
4.7 Conclusion ............................................ 101
5 Mitigation Policy .......................................... 103
5.1 Introduction .......................................... 103
5.2 Business level mitigation policies .................... 105
5.3 Local mitigation policies ............................. 112
5.4 National mitigation policies .......................... 116
5.5 Regional level mitigation policy ...................... 124
5.6 International mitigation policy for tourism ........... 130
5.7 Conclusion ............................................ 137
6 Mitigation Practice ........................................ 139
6.1 Introduction .......................................... 139
6.2 Destination appeaI .................................... 141
6.3 Transportation ........................................ 149
6.4 Mitigation at facilities and in operations ............ 163
6.5 Tourist behaviour and mitigation ...................... 172
6.6 Conclusion ............................................ 177
7 Assessing Performance, and Learning ........................ 180
7.1 Introduction .......................................... 180
7.2 Assessing the performance of mitigation policies and
plans for the tourism sector .......................... 182
7.3 Assessing the performance of adaptation policies and
plans for the tourism sector .......................... 191
7.4 Maladaptation in the tourism sector ................... 198
7.5 Knowledge sharing and learning ........................ 199
7.6 Conclusion ............................................ 202
8 Integrated Responses to Climate Change ..................... 203
8.1 Introduction .......................................... 203
8.2 Climate change mitigation and adaptation .............. 204
8.3 Sustainable development and climate change response ... 212
8.4 Disaster risk reduction and adaptation ................ 223
8.5 'Peak oil' and climate change ......................... 229
9 Conclusion ................................................. 235
Notes ......................................................... 240
References .................................................... 242
Geographical Index ............................................ 266
General Index ................................................. 268
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