1 Introduction .................................................. 6
2 Methodical approach ........................................... 8
3 Impact of extreme weather phenomena .......................... 10
3.1 Road .................................................... 10
3.1.1 Infrastructure ................................... 10
3.1.2 Safety ........................................... 15
3.1.3 Operators ........................................ 19
3.2 Rail .................................................... 20
3.2.1 Infrastructure ................................... 20
3.2.2 Safety ........................................... 23
3.2.3 Operators ........................................ 26
3.3 Aviation ................................................ 26
3.3.1 Infrastructure ................................... 26
3.3.2 Safety ........................................... 32
3.3.3 Operators ........................................ 34
3.4 Marine / short sea ...................................... 35
3.4.1 Infrastructure ................................... 35
3.4.2 Safety ........................................... 38
3.4.3 Operators ........................................ 41
3.5 Inland Waterways ........................................ 44
3.5.1 Infrastructure ................................... 44
3.5.2 Safety ........................................... 52
4 Cost inducing effects of extreme weather phenomena ........... 59
4.1 Road .................................................... 59
4.1.1 Delays in road transport ......................... 59
4.1.2 Accidents in road transport ...................... 60
4.1.3 Consequences from infrastructure point of view ... 67
4.2 Rail .................................................... 68
4.2.1 Overview of impacts and consequences by weather
phenomena ........................................ 70
4.3 Aviation ................................................ 70
4.4 Marine / short sea ...................................... 73
4.4.1 Ports ............................................ 73
4.4.2 Passenger & Cruise ships ......................... 78
4.5 Inland Waterways ........................................ 83
4.5.1 Suspension of navigation and transportation
time ............................................. 83
4.5.2 Limitation of cargo carrying capacity ............ 89
4.5.3 Infrastructure ................................... 94
5 Conclusion and Outlook ....................................... 97
5.1 Outlook for Road ........................................ 98
5.2 Outlook for Rail ........................................ 98
5.3 Outlook for Aviation .................................... 99
5.4 Outlook for Maritime Shipping ........................... 99
5.5 Outlook for Inland Waterway Transport .................. 100
5.6 Outlook for Non-motorized Traffic ...................... 100
6 References .................................................. 103
Annex 1: Road transport: thresholds, impacts, consequences to
infrastructure and operations in relevant climatic
zones by weather phenomena ............................ 112
Annex 2: Rail transport: thresholds, impacts, consequences to
infrastructure and operations in relevant climatic
zones by weather phenomena ............................ 116
Annex 3: Aviation: thresholds, impacts, consequences to
infrastructure and operations in relevant climatic
zones by weather phenomena ............................ 123
Annex 4: Inland waterway transport: thresholds, impacts,
consequences to infrastructure and operations in
relevant climatic zones by weather phenomena .......... 130
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