Nomenclature ................................................. xiii
Preface ........................................................ xv
Acknowledgments .............................................. xvii
About The Author .............................................. xix
Introduction: A Brief Synopsis ................................ xxi
Chapter 1 Historical Perspective ............................... 1
1.1 Prehistory to the Renaissance (5000 ВС-1450 AD) ............ 1
1.2 The Renaissance (1450-1600) ................................ 2
1.3 The Preindustrial and Industrial Eras (1600-1850) .......... 4
1.4 The Scientific Era (1850-1925) ............................. 8
1.5 The Space Age (1945-2000) ................................. 11
References ..................................................... 14
Chapter 2 The Rheology of Interface Layers .................... 15
2.1 General Considerations .................................... 15
2.2 Newtonian Fluids .......................................... 19
2.3 Viscoelastic Substances ................................... 26
2.4 Two-Phase Systems ......................................... 48
2.5 Powder Films .............................................. 70
References ..................................................... 95
Chapter 3 The Phenomenology of Lubrication .................... 97
3.1 Contradictions to Hydrodynamic Theory ..................... 98
3.2 Triboparticulates as Lubricants .......................... 113
3.3 General Observations ..................................... 121
References .................................................... 123
Chapter 4 Direct Contact-Hydrodynamic Continuum .............. 125
4.1 Dry Friction and Wear .................................... 131
4.2 Coatings and Dry Lubricants .............................. 137
4.3 Boundary Lubrication ..................................... 146
4.4 Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication (EHL) ..................... 160
4.5 Continuum Aspects ........................................ 165
References .................................................... 171
Chapter 5 Hydrodynamic-Solid Films Continuum ................. 173
5.1 Hydrodynamic Films ....................................... 173
5.2 Rheodynamic Lubricants ................................... 194
5.3 Triboparticulate Layers .................................. 209
5.4 Granular Flow Layers ..................................... 228
5.5 Continuum Aspects ........................................ 233
References .................................................... 236
Chapter 6 Experimental Performance of Powder Layers .......... 239
6.1 The Morphology of Powders ................................ 240
6.2 Thermodynamic Properties ................................. 257
6.3 Rheological Characteristics .............................. 272
6.4 Powder Flow and Velocity ................................. 306
6.5 Tribological Qualities of Powders ........................ 310
References .................................................... 326
Chapter 7 Powder-Lubricated Devices .......................... 329
7.1 Sliders .................................................. 329
7.2 Journal Bearings ......................................... 337
7.3 Dampers .................................................. 349
7.4 Piston Rings ............................................. 354
References .................................................... 362
Chapter 8 Theory of Powder Lubrication ....................... 365
8.1 Analysis ................................................. 365
8.2 Slider Bearings .......................................... 371
8.3 Crowned Sliders .......................................... 378
References .................................................... 381
Chapter 9 Granular Films ..................................... 383
9.1 Continuum Approach ....................................... 383
9.2 Discrete Particles Approach .............................. 400
References .................................................... 411
Chapter 10 The Tribological Continuum ......................... 413
10.1 Historical Overview ...................................... 413
10.2 Overlapping Tribological Regimes ......................... 418
10.3 The Tribological Continuum ............................... 420
References .................................................... 428
Index ......................................................... 431
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