ABSTRACT ........................................................ I
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................... V
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................ II
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................... VII
LIST OF TABLES ................................................. IX
CHAPTER 1 (INTRODUCTION) ........................................ 1
1.1 Scope and objectives of this study ......................... 1
1.2 Background information ..................................... 7
1.2.1 Geology and hydrogeology ............................ 7
1.2.2 Structural geology ................................. 13
1.2.3 Dead Sea origin .................................... 15
1.2.4 Climatology ........................................ 18
1.2.5 Land cover ......................................... 22
CHAPTER 2 (METHODOLOGY) ........................................ 26
2.1 Structural geology evaluation ............................. 26
2.1.1 Drainage network ................................... 26
2.1.2 Stream profile analysis ............................ 27
2.1.3 Stream gradient index .............................. 29
2.1.4 Basin asymmetry and similarity (hypsometry plot) ... 29
2.2 Groundwater chemistry analysis ............................ 31
2.3 Groundwater recharge modelling ............................ 33
2.3.1 Extraction physiographic characterisations
layers ............................................. 33
2.3.2 Hydrological modelling ............................. 44
2.4 Groundwater flow modelling ................................ 53
2.4.1 Three dimensional geological model and
discretization ..................................... 53
2.4.2 Groundwater flow model boundaries .................. 59
CHAPTER 3 (RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS) ............................ 60
3.1 Structural geology ........................................ 61
3.1.1 Drainage network and fault directions .............. 61
3.1.2 Influence of a regional strike-slip faulting on
the River profile .................................. 65
3.1.3 Catchment area hypsometry and asymmetry ............ 68
3.2 Groundwater chemistry ..................................... 72
3.2.1 Groundwater genesis ................................ 72
3.2.2 Trace elements, REE, and groundwater modeling ..... 83
3.3 Groundwater recharge ...................................... 93
3.4 Groundwater flow modelling ............................... 104
CHAPTER 4 (SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS) ........................... 109
4.1 Summary of accomplishments ............................... 110
4.2 Conclusions .............................................. 112
CHAPTER 5 (OUTLOOK AND RECOMMENDATIONS) ....................... 117
Outlook and Recommendations .............................. 117
REFERENCES .................................................... 119
APPENDIX 1 CLIMATIC DATA ...................................... 128
APPENDIX 2 UNCERTAINTY IN CHEMICAL ANALYSIS ................... 143
APPENDIX 3 CURRICULUM VITAE ................................... 144
|
