Preface ....................................................... III
1 Introduction ................................................. 1
I. Intent and Scope of This Book ........................... 1
II. Definition of Heavy Petroleums .......................... 6
References ................................................... 7
2 Compositional Analysis: Dream and Reality .................... 9
I. Opportunities and Limitations ........................... 9
II. Terminology ............................................ 10
III. Molecular-Weight Range and Number of Components
in Petroleum ........................................... 21
IV. The Virtues of Distillation ............................ 24
V. Compositional Analysis of Petroleum Fractions:
The Higher You Go, the Harder It Gets .................. 26
VI. Limitations of Our Measuring Techniques ................ 28
VII. Types of Information ................................... 32
VIII.Our Strategy and Bias .................................. 36
References .................................................. 39
3 Crude Oil Distillation and Significance of AEBP ............. 41
(With a contribution by Т.Н. Gouw)
I. Significance of Distillation ........................... 41
II Distillation Methods ................................... 44
III. Equivalent Distillation ................................ 57
IV. The Concept of an Atmospheric Equivalent Boiling
Point Scale ............................................ 61
References .................................................. 71
4 Properties of Heavy Petroleum Fractions ..................... 75
I. Overview ............................................... 75
II. Molecular Weight ....................................... 76
III. Other Physical Properties of Heavy Petroleum
Fractions ............................................. 107
IV. Chemical Properties of Heavy Petroleum Fractions ...... 129
V. Summary ............................................... 151
References ................................................. 154
5 Structural Group Characterization of Heavy Petroleum
Fractions .................................................. 159
I. What Is Structural Group Characterization? ............ 159
II. The n-d-M and Related Methods ......................... 161
III. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ............... 174
IV. Summary ............................................... 199
References ................................................. 199
6 Chromatographic Separation of Heavy Petroleum Fractions .... 203
I. General Thoughts on Separations ....................... 203
II. The Tools ............................................. 207
III. Early Applications .................................... 222
IV. Modern Applications ................................... 227
V. Summary ............................................... 248
References ................................................. 248
7 Molecular Characterization of Heavy Petroleum Fractions
by Mass Spectrometry ....................................... 257
I. Overview .............................................. 257
II. The Tools ............................................. 260
III. Applications .......................................... 291
References ................................................. 305
8 Structural Group Characterization by Advanced NMR
Techniques ................................................. 309
I. What Advanced NMR Techniques and Why? ................. 309
II. The Tools ............................................. 311
III. NMR-Based Methods ..................................... 333
IV. Summary ............................................... 359
References ................................................. 359
9 Complementary Characterization Methods ..................... 365
I. General Considerations ................................ 365
II. Spectroscopic Methods ................................. 366
III. Chemical Methods ...................................... 381
IV. Summary of Characterization Methods ................... 386
References ................................................. 387
10 Composition of Heavy Petroleum Fractions ................... 393
I. Overview .............................................. 393
II. The Basic Compound Groups and Their Distribution ...... 408
III. Composition as a Function of AEBP ..................... 444
IV. How Much More Do We Need to Know? ..................... 474
References ................................................. 477
Glossary ...................................................... 485
Index ......................................................... 489
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