Gaisser T.K. Cosmic rays and particle physics (Cambridge, 2016). - ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ / CONTENTS
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ОбложкаGaisser T.K. Cosmic rays and particle physics / T.K.Gaisser, R.Engel, E.Resconi. - [2nd ed.]. - Cambridge: Cambridge university press, 2016. - xiv, 444 p.: ill., tab. - Bibliogr.: p.402-440. - Ind.: p.441-444. - ISBN 978-0-521-01646-9
Шифр: (И/B38-G14) 02

 

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Оглавление / Contents
 
Preface to the first edition ................................... xi
Preface to the second edition ................................ xiii

1  Cosmic rays .................................................. 1
   1.1  What are cosmic rays? ................................... 1
   1.2  Objective of this book .................................. 1
   1.3  Types of cosmic ray experiment .......................... 3
   1.4  Composition of cosmic rays .............................. 6
   1.5  Energy spectra .......................................... 7
   1.6  Energy density of cosmic rays .......................... 10
   
2  Cosmic ray data ............................................. 12
   2.1  Lessons from the heliosphere ........................... 13
   2.2  Measurements with spectrometers ........................ 17
   2.3  Measurements with calorimeters ......................... 20
   2.4  Spectrum of all nucleons ............................... 22
   2.5  Indirect measurements at high energy ................... 23
   2.6  Primary composition from air shower experiments ........ 28
   
3  Particle physics ............................................ 30
   3.1  Historical relation of cosmic ray and particle 
        physics ................................................ 30
   3.2  The Standard Model of particle physics ................. 32
   3.3  Quark model of hadrons and hadron masses ............... 41
   3.4  Oscillation of neutral mesons .......................... 45
   3.5  Electron-positron annihilation ......................... 47
   3.6  Weak decays ............................................ 49
   3.7  QCD-improved parton model and high-pi processes ........ 52
   3.8  Concepts for describing low-pi processes ............... 60

4  Hadronie interactions and accelerator data .................. 65
   4.1  Basics ................................................. 65
   4.2  Total and elastic cross sections ....................... 72
   4.3  Phenomenology of particle production ................... 84
   4.4  Nuclear targets and projectiles ........................ 97
   4.5  Hadronie interaction of photons ....................... 101
   4.6  Extrapolation to very high energy ..................... 105
   
5  Cascade equations .......................................... 107
   5.1  Basic equation and boundary conditions ................ 107
   5.2  Boundary conditions ................................... 109
   5.3  Energy loss by charged particles ...................... 110
   5.4  Electrons, positrons and photons ...................... 111
   5.5  Nucleons in the atmosphere ............................ 116
   5.6  Hadrons in the atmosphere ............................. 119
   5.7  The atmosphere ........................................ 121
   5.8  Meson fluxes .......................................... 122
   
6  Atmospheric muons and neutrinos ............................ 126
   6.1  Meson decay ........................................... 126
   6.2  Production of muons and muon neutrinos ................ 129
   6.3  Muons in the atmosphere ............................... 133
   6.4  Relation to primary energy ............................ 135
   6.5  Muon charge ratio ..................................... 137
   6.6  Neutrinos in the atmosphere ........................... 140
   6.7  Non-power law primary spectrum and scaling
        violations ............................................ 147
   
7  Neutrino masses and oscillations ........................... 149
   7.1  Neutrino mixing ....................................... 149
   7.2  Oscillation in vacuum ................................. 153
   7.3  Oscillation in matter ................................. 157
   7.4  Neutrino mass hierarchy ............................... 159
   7.5  Oscillation over astronomical distances ............... 160
   
8  Muons and neutrinos underground ............................ 163
   8.1  Passage of muons through matter ....................... 164
   8.2  Atmospheric muons underground ......................... 166
   8.3  Neutrinos underground ................................. 170
   8.4  Prompt leptons ........................................ 179
   8.5  Seasonal variation of atmospheric muons and 
        neutrinos ............................................. 183

9  Cosmic rays in the Galaxy .................................. 186
   9.1  Cosmic ray transport in the Galaxy .................... 187
   9.2  The Galaxy ............................................ 189
   9.3  Models of propagation ................................. 191

10 Extragalactic propagation of cosmic rays ................... 204
   10.1 Energy loss for protons and neutrons .................. 205
   10.2 Photodisintegration of nuclei ......................... 210
   10.3 Secondary particle production ......................... 212
   10.4 The role of magnetic fields ........................... 217

11 Astrophysical у-rays and neutrinos ......................... 220
   11.1 у-rays from decay of я0 ............................... 220
   11.2 Production of gamma rays by electron bremsstrahlung ... 224
   11.3 Diffuse у-rays from the Galactic plane ................ 225
   11.4 Neutrinos from the Galactic plane ..................... 228
   11.5 Spectrum of electrons ................................. 230
   11.6 Positrons ............................................. 231
   11.7 Cosmic rays and у-rays in external galaxies ........... 233

12 Acceleration ............................................... 236
   12.1 Power ................................................. 237
   12.2 Shock acceleration .................................... 237
   12.3 Acceleration at supernova blast waves ................. 243
   12.4 Nonlinear shock acceleration .......................... 246
   12.5 The knee of the cosmic ray spectrum ................... 254
   12.6 Acceleration to higher energy ......................... 255

13 Supernovae in the Milky Way ................................ 258
   13.1 The Milky Way galaxy .................................. 258
   13.2 Supernovae ............................................ 263
   13.3 The compact remnant: neutron stars and black holes .... 267
   13.4 High-energy binary systems ............................ 270
   13.5 Supernova remnants .................................... 271
   13.6 Pulsar wind nebulae ................................... 278
   13.7 Examples of supernova remnants ........................ 279

14 Astrophysical accelerators and beam dumps .................. 282
   14.1 Radiative processes in beam dumps ..................... 282
   14.2 Active galactic nuclei ................................ 289
   14.3 Gamma ray bursts ...................................... 295

15 Electromagnetic cascades ................................... 302
   15.1 Basic features of cascades ............................ 302
   15.2 Analytic solutions in cascade theory .................. 304
   15.3 Approximations for total number of particles .......... 309
   15.4 Fluctuations .......................................... 310
   15.5 Lateral spread ........................................ 311

16 Extensive air showers ...................................... 313
   16.1 Basic features of air showers ......................... 313
   16.2 The Heitler-Matthews splitting model .................. 315
   16.3 Muons in air showers .................................. 316
   16.4 Nuclei and the superposition model .................... 320
   16.5 Elongation rate theorem ............................... 323
   16.6 Shower universality and cross section measurement ..... 324
   16.7 Particle detector arrays .............................. 326
   16.8 Atmospheric Cherenkov light detectors ................. 330
   16.9 Fluorescence telescopes ............................... 334
   16.10 Radio signal detection ............................... 337

17 Very high energy cosmic rays ............................... 341
   17.1 The knee of the spectrum .............................. 342
   17.2 Depth of shower maximum and composition ............... 345
   17.3 Ultra-high-energy cosmic rays ......................... 348
   17.4 Sources of extragalactic cosmic rays .................. 351
   17.5 Future experiments .................................... 355
   
18 Neutrino astronomy ......................................... 356
   18.1 Motivation for a kilometer-scale neutrino telescope ... 357
   18.2 From DUMAND to IceCube and beyond ..................... 358
   18.3 Signals and backgrounds in a neutrino detector ........ 359
   18.4 Event types ........................................... 362
   18.5 Searching for point sources of neutrinos .............. 363
   18.6 Observation of astrophysical neutrinos ................ 365
   18.7 Sources of astrophysical neutrinos .................... 368
   18.8 Multi-messenger astronomy ............................. 372

Appendix ...................................................... 374
   A.1  Units, constants and definitions ...................... 374
   A.2  References to flux measurements ....................... 374
   A.3  Particle flux, density and interaction cross section .. 375
   A.4  Fundamentals of scattering theory ..................... 378
   A.5  Regge amplitude ....................................... 384
   A.6  Glauber model of nuclear cross sections ............... 386
   A.7  Earth's atmosphere .................................... 390
   A.8  Longitudinal development of air showers ............... 391
   A.9  Secondary positrons and electrons ..................... 393
   A.10 Liouville's theorem and cosmic ray propagation ........ 395
   A.11 Cosmology and distance measures ....................... 397
   A.12 The Hillas splitting algorithm ........................ 399
   
References .................................................... 402
Index ......................................................... 441


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