 | Mertens M.B. Contribution of road traffic emissions to tropospheric ozone in Europe and: Diss. zur … Dr.-Ing. / Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Institut für Flugfuhrung, Braunschweig. - Köln: DLR, 2017. - X,215 p.: ill., tab. - (Forschungsbericht; 2017-13). - Res. also Germ. - Bibliogr.: p. 193-210.- ISSN 1434-8454
Шифр: (Pr 1120/2017-13) 02
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Zusammenfassung ............................................... vii
Abstract ....................................................... ix
1 Introduction ............................................... 1
1.1 Motivation ................................................. 1
1.2 Scientific Questions ....................................... 2
1.3 Investigation Strategy ..................................... 3
2 Background ................................................ 5
2.1 Tropospheric and stratospheric ozone ....................... 5
2.2 Ozone budget of the troposphere ............................ 7
2.3 Chemical production and destruction of ozone ............... 8
2.3.1 Oxidation of carbon monoxide and methane ........... 10
2.3.2 Simplified oxidation of other hydrocarbons ......... 11
2.3.3 Atmospheric reservoir species ...................... 11
2.3.4 Non-linearity of ozone production .................. 12
2.4 Dry and wet deposition of ozone ........................... 15
2.5 Long range transport of ozone ............................. 17
2.6 Natural and anthropogenic origins of ozone precursors ..... 18
2.7 Units used in air quality studies ......................... 21
2.8 Modelling the contribution of road traffic emissions to
tropospheric O3 ........................................... 21
3 Methods ................................................... 27
3.1 Description of the models ................................. 28
3.1.1 ECHAM5 ............................................. 28
3.1.2 COSMO .............................................. 28
3.1.3 MESSy infrastructure ............................... 29
3.1.4 MECO(n) model system ............................... 30
3.1.5 Investigation of small chemical changes ............ 34
3.1.6 Estimating the impact of emissions from different
sectors ............................................ 34
3.1.7 The TAGGING submodel ............................... 36
3.2 Description of the model set-up ........................... 39
3.2.1 Computational domains and on-line coupling ......... 39
3.2.2 Details of the model set-up ........................ 40
3.2.3 Description of used emission inventories ........... 41
3.2.4 Comparison of the used emissions inventories ....... 42
3.2.5 Seasonal cycles of emissions ....................... 46
3.3 Experimental Design ...................................... 47
4 Evaluation of the MECO(n) system .......................... 51
4.1 Meteorological evaluation ................................. 51
4.2 Evaluation of the TAGGING method .......................... 53
4.3 Chemical evaluation ....................................... 55
4.3.1 Observation data ................................... 55
4.3.2 Comparison with satellite observations ............. 56
4.3.3 Comparison with ground level measurements .......... 59
4.3.4 Vertical O3 profiles ............................... 66
4.3.5 Tropospheric oxidation capacity .................... 68
4.4 Discussion on deviations from observations ................ 70
5 Contribution of road traffic emissions in Europe for
2008 ...................................................... 75
5.1 Differences between EMAC and COSMO ........................ 78
5.1.1 Comparison of the simulated contributions to O3 .... 79
5.1.2 Comparison of the O3 production .................... 83
5.2 Differences between both COSMO instances .................. 87
5.3 Influence of anthropogenic emission inventories ........... 91
5.3.1 Resolution of anthropogenic emission inventory ..... 91
5.3.2 Differences between the MACCity and the VEU
inventory .......................................... 94
5.3.3 Local O3 production rates .......................... 98
5.3.4 Emission categories contributing most to the O3
production ........................................ 100
5.4 Sensitivity to changes of biogenic emissions ............. 101
5.5 Intercomparison of the results from the different
simulations .............................................. 105
5.6 Temporal and spatial variations of the contributions ..... 107
5.6.1 Seasonal cycle of the contributions ............... 107
5.6.2 Small scale fluctuations of the contribution ...... 108
5.7 Discussion ............................................... 110
5.8 Conclusions .............................................. 113
6 Contribution of road traffic emissions in Europe
projected for 2030 ....................................... 115
6.1 Projected differences for the 2030 emission inventory .... 117
6.2 Influence of changed global boundary conditions .......... 121
6.3 Changes in the O3 production efficiency .................. 126
6.4 Implications for the radiative forcing and the methane
lifetime ................................................. 127
6.5 Discussion ............................................... 129
6.6 Conclusion ............................................... 133
7 Concluding remarks ....................................... 135
7.1 Summary .................................................. 135
7.2 Conclusions and Outlook .................................. 137
A Appendix ................................................. 141
A.l Description of additional sensitivity studies ............ 141
A.2 Pasing COSMO fields to EMAC for radiation calculations ... 143
A.3 Detailed list of used MESSy submodels .................... 144
A.4 Mechanism of the gas phase chemistry ..................... 146
A.5 Definition of the PRUDENCE subdomains .................... 166
A.6 Details about applied emissions .......................... 167
A.7 Additional figures ....................................... 178
Bibliography .................................................. 193
Acronyms and specie names ..................................... 211
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