Preface ........................................................ ix
Acknowledgment ................................................ xvi
Chapter 1 Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering ............. 1
1.0 GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING ................................... I
1.1 DEVELOPMENT OF SOIL ENGINEERING ............................ 2
1.2 THE NATURE AND ORIGIN OF SOILS ............................. 5
1.3 WEATHERING ................................................. 7
1.4 TROPICAL WEATHERING AND LATERIZATION ...................... 17
1.5 SOME SOIL TYPES ........................................... 23
1.6 SOIL MAPS ................................................. 28
Chapter 2 Clay Mineralogy and Soil Structure .................. 41
2.0 MINERALS .................................................. 41
2.1 ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS .................................... 41
2.2 STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH .................................... 45
2.3 SOIL FORMING ROCKS ........................................ 50
2.4 CLAY MINERALS ............................................. 60
2.5 GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES ....................................... 83
2.6 SOIL STRUCTURE ............................................ 94
2.7 CLAY-WATER INTERFACE ..................................... 102
2.8 IMPORTANCE OF GEOLOGY AND CLAY MINERALOGY ................ 105
Chapter 3 Classification and Identification Properties of
Soils ......................................................... 116
3.1 INDEX PROPERTIES OF SOILS ................................ 116
3.2 PHASE RELATIONSHIPS IN SOIL .............................. 124
3.3 CONSISTENCY INDICES ...................................... 138
3.4 CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS .................................. 151
3.5 VISUAL IDENTIFICATION OF SOILS ........................... 170
Chapter 4 Stresses in Soils Due to External Loading .......... 180
4.1 DEFINITION OF STRESS AT A POINT .......................... 180
4.2 ELASTICITY EQUATIONS FOR AN ISOTROPIC MATERIAL ........... 183
4.3 STRESSES DUE TO SURFACE LOADS ............................ 188
4.4 SETTLEMENT DUE TO EXTERNAL LOADING ....................... 224
Chapter 5 Shear Strength of Soils ............................ 249
5.1 STRESS CONCEPTS .......................................... 249
5.2 MOHR-COULOMB THEORY OF LIMITING EQUILIBRIUM .............. 259
5.3 LABORATORY DETERMINATION OF SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOILS ...... 263
5.5 IN-SITU METHODS (FIELD TESTS) ............................ 281
5.5 ANALYSIS OF SHEAR STRENGTH ................................ 286
5.5 ANALYSIS OF SHEAR STRENGTH ............................... 287
5.6 CREEP OF SOILS ........................................... 297
Chapter 6 Earth Pressure Analysis and Retaining Walls ........ 313
6.1 LATERAL SUPPORT IN GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING .............. 313
6.2 EARTH PRESSURE AT REST ................................... 319
6.3 ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE .................................... 321
6.4 PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURE ................................... 333
6.5 RANKINE'S EARTH PRESSURE FOR INCLINED GRANULAR BACKFILL .. 339
6.6 OTHER FACTORS WHICH AFFECT LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE ........ 341
6.7 GRAPHICAL METHODS FOR DETERMINING EARTH PRESSURES ........ 349
6.8 WALLS WHICH DO NOT FAIL BY ROTATION ABOUT THE LOWER
EDGE ..................................................... 354
6.9 PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN THE DESIGN OF RETAINING
WALLS .................................................... 385
6.10 EARTH PRESSURE ON UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES ................. 390
Chapter 7 Seepage and Groundwater Flow ....................... 411
7.0 SEEPAGE AND GROUNDWATER FLOW .............................. 411
7.2 EFFECTIVE STRESS CONCEPT ................................. 414
7.3 SOIL PERMEABILITY ........................................ 425
7.4 EFFECTIVE STRESS AND PORE-WATER PRESSURE ................. 443
7.5 BASIC FLOW EQUATIONS ..................................... 447
7.6 SEEPAGE THROUGH EARTH DAMS ............................... 456
7.7 MECHANICS OF PIPING ...................................... 463
Chapter 8 Compressibility and Consolidation of Soils ......... 476
8.1 COMPRESSIBILITY OF SOILS ................................. 476
8.2 LABORATORY CONSOLIDATION TEST ............................ 479
8.3 RELATION BETWEEN PRESSURE AND VOID RATIO ................. 487
8.4 CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT ................................. 496
8.5 TERZAGHI THEORY OF CONSOLIDATION ......................... 501
8.6 SECONDARY COMPRESSION .................................... 515
8.7 GENERALIZED THEORY OF CONSOLIDATION ...................... 517
8.8 CONSOLIDATION CHARACTERISTICS OF LATERITE SOILS .......... 518
Chapter 9 Stability of Earth Masses and Slopes ............... 528
9.1 TYPES AND CAUSES OF EARTH MOVEMENTS ...................... 528
9.2 STABILITY ANALYSIS OF SLOPES ............................. 534
9.3 STABILITY ANALYSIS OF FINITE SLOPES ...................... 541
9.4 STABILITY CHARTS ......................................... 556
9.5 EFFECT OF WATER TABLE ON SLOPE STABILITY ................. 575
9.6 STABILITY ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATIONAL FAILURE .............. 577
9.7 METHODS OF SLOPE STABILIZATION ........................... 579
Chapter 10 Soil Improvement and Stabilization ................ 589
10.0 IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUES ................................... 589
10.1 COMPACTION ............................................... 590
10.2 STABILIZATION OF SOILS ................................... 609
10.3 REINFORCED EARTH AND SOIL NAILING ........................ 626
10.4 PAVEMENT DESIGN .......................................... 632
Chapter 11 Bearing Capacity and Foundations: Shallow and
Deep .......................................................... 648
11.0 FOUNDATIONS: SHALLOW AND DEEP ............................ 648
11.1 SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS ...................................... 651
11.2 BEARING CAPACITY OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS .................. 659
11.3 DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS ............................ 682
11.4 DEEP FOUNDATIONS: PILES .................................. 685
11.5 DRILLED PIERS/CAISSONS ................................... 712
11.6 GROUP CAPACITY OF DEEP FOUNDATIONS ....................... 723
11.7 DOWNDRAG ................................................. 729
Chapter 12 Subsurface Investigation .......................... 744
12.0 SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATION ................................. 744
12.1 SITE EXPLORATION PROGRAM ................................. 747
12.2 SUBSURFACE SECTIONING OR SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATION AND
SAMPLING ................................................. 749
12.3 IN-SITU TESTING .......................................... 756
12.4 GEOPHYSICAL METHODS OF SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATION .......... 765
12.5 LABORATORY (EX-SITU -- "OUT OF ITS ORIGINAL PLACE")
TESTS .................................................... 783
12.6 SOIL EXPLORATION REPORT .................................. 786
12.7 ECONOMICS OF SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATION .................... 790
Appendix ...................................................... 796
Compilation of References ..................................... 813
About the Author .............................................. 830
Index ......................................................... 831
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