Preface ........................................................ xi
Acknowledgements ............................................... xv
Chapter A. Physical Aspects of Cleaning Processes
WOLFGANG VON RYBINSKI
1 Introduction ................................................. 1
2 Components in cleaning processes ............................. 3
3 Interfacial effects for the cleaning of particulate
and oily soil ................................................ 5
4 Bulk properties of the cleaning solution .................... 32
5 Dispersed systems in cleaning ............................... 49
References .................................................. 53
Chapter B.1.I Laundry Cleaning of Textiles
JAMES BURCKETT ST. LAURENT, FRANCESCO DE BUZZACCARINI,
KAREN DE CLERCK, HUGO DEMEYERE, REGINE LABEQUE, RAINER
LODEWICK AND LIEVA VAN LANGENHOVE
1 Introduction ................................................ 57
2 Textiles .................................................... 58
3 Soil ....................................................... 62
4 Product forms ............................................... 66
5 Ingredients and cleaning mechanisms ......................... 72
6 Test methods ................................................ 93
7 Future trends ............................................... 98
Acknowledgements ........................................... 99
References ................................................. 100
Chapter B.1.II Formulation of Carpet Cleaners
JESSE J. WILLIAMS
1 Introduction ............................................... 103
2 Carpet soil and soiling .................................... 104
3 Carpet fibers and carpet construction ...................... 105
4 Carpet cleaning methods .................................... 107
5 Formulation technology for carpet cleaning agents .......... 108
6 Applications ............................................... 119
References ................................................. 123
Chapter B.2.I Dish and Household Cleaning
GREGORY SZEWCZYK AND KAREN WISNIEWSKI
1 Introduction ............................................... 125
2 Household cleaners ......................................... 131
3 Hand dishwashing products .................................. 175
4 Conclusion ................................................. 188
References ................................................. 189
Chapter B.2.II A Review of Key Ingredients Used in Past and
Present Auto-Dishwashing Formulations and the Physico-
Chemical Processes They Facilitate
ALAN TOMLINSON AND JOSEPH CARNALI
1 Introduction ............................................... 197
2 Evolution of the field .................................... 199
3 Hand dishwashing vs machine dishwashing .................... 201
4 Components ................................................. 202
5 Additives .................................................. 234
6 Market progressions ........................................ 239
7 Ingredients and functionalities of mainwash products;
overview ................................................... 244
8 Summary/future ............................................. 246
9 Where to next? ............................................. 247
References .................................................... 248
Chapter C.1 Personal Cleansing
KUMAR SUBRAMANYAN AND K.P. ANANTHAPADMANABHAN
1 Introduction ............................................... 257
2 Anatomy of a skin cleanser ................................. 259
3 Commonly used surfactants in cleansing ..................... 260
4 Other elements of a skin cleanser .......................... 262
5 Effects of cleansing on skin structure and function ........ 263
6 Effect of surfactants on SC ................................ 263
7 Technology of mild cleansing .............................. 269
8 Minimizing surfactant protein damage ....................... 269
9 Minimizing surfactant lipid damage ........................ 271
10 Compensating for damage: enhancing moisturization .......... 273
11 Summary .................................................... 275
References ................................................. 275
Chapter C.2 Shampoo Formulation
KEN KLEIN AND IRWIN PALEFSKY
1 Anionic surfactants ........................................ 278
2 Amphoteric surfactants ..................................... 283
3 Pseudoamphoteric surfactants ............................... 284
4 Nonionics .................................................. 285
5 Cationic materials and "other" conditioning agents ......... 286
6 Thickening shampoos ........................................ 287
7 Shampoo additives .......................................... 292
8 Other additives ............................................ 295
9 Fragrance and color ........................................ 297
10 Shampoo evaluation ......................................... 297
11 Shampoo formulations ...................................... 301
Chapter C.3 Surfactant Action on Skin and Hair:
Cleansing and Skin Reactivity Mechanisms
L. RHEIN
1 Introduction ............................................... 305
2 Surfactants in cleansing systems for skin and hair ......... 305
3 Cleaning mechanisms ........................................ 314
3 Efficacy of soil removal by cleansers ...................... 322
5 Interactions of surfactants with skin - understanding and
controlling irritation ..................................... 339
References ................................................. 363
Chapter C.4 The Cleaning of Teeth
ANDREW JOINER
1 Introduction ............................................... 371
2 The human dentition and its environment .................... 372
3 Oral accumulations ......................................... 374
4 Oral care products ......................................... 380
5 Evaluation of oral care products ........................... 384
6 Cleaning agents in oral care products ...................... 390
References ................................................. 399
Chapter D.1 Dry Cleaning of Textiles
KASPAR D. HASENCLEVER
1 Dry cleaning - definition .................................. 407
2 Dry cleaning - history ..................................... 407
3 Dry cleaning - characteristics ............................. 409
4 Dry cleaning - solvents .................................... 410
5 Dry cleaning - detergents .................................. 414
6 Dry cleaning - machines .................................... 416
7 Dry cleaning - process technology .......................... 419
8 Spotting ................................................... 422
9 Finishing .................................................. 424
References .................................................... 425
Chapter D.2 Wet Cleaning of Textiles
KASPAR D. HASENCLEVER
1 What is wet cleaning? ...................................... 427
2 What can wet cleaning achieve? ............................ 432
3 What advantages do wet cleaning offer? ..................... 435
Chapter E.1 Vehicle Cleaning
MAHNAZ COMPANY AND DAVID R. KARSA
1 Introduction ............................................... 439
2 Exterior cleaners for domestic vehicles .................... 440
3 Interior cleaners .......................................... 451
4 Commercial vehicles ........................................ 455
References ................................................. 458
Further reading ........................................... 458
Chapter E.2.1 Back-End-of-Line Cleaning
S. RAGHAVAN, R. SMALL AND V. LOWALEKAR
1 Introduction ............................................... 459
2 Old and new generation stripper formulations ............... 463
3 All-aqueous chemistries for removal of etch residues ....... 473
4 Post-CMP cleaning solutions ................................ 477
5 Corrosion issues ........................................... 478
6 Summary .................................................... 482
References ................................................. 482
Chapter E.2.II Cleaning of Trace Metallic Impurities from
Solid Substrates Using Liquid Media
STEVEN VERHAVERBEKE
1 Introduction ............................................... 485
2 Adsorption forces - types of solid surfaces - surface
termination - removal mechanisms ........................... 488
3 State of the metallic and ionic contaminants in liquid
solutions .................................................. 493
4 Chemisorption/desorption in liquids of metallic
contaminants on inorganic dielectric surfaces .............. 500
5 Chemisorption/desorption of metallic contaminants on bare
semiconducting and conducting surfaces ..................... 519
6 Chemisorption/desorption of metallic contaminants on thin
oxide surfaces ............................................. 534
7 Conclusions ................................................ 535
References .................................................... 535
Chapter E.2.III Elevated Pressure CO2-Based Fluids
Containing Polar Co-Solvents for Cleaning in Microelectronic
Device Fabrication
GALIT LEVITIN AND DENNIS W. HESS
1 Introduction ............................................... 539
2 Conclusions ................................................ 565
References ................................................. 565
Chapter F.1 Chemical Disinfection of Hard Surfaces -
Household, Industrial and Institutional Settings
EDWARD FU, KAREN McCUE AND DIANE BOESENBERG
1 Introduction ............................................... 573
2 Historical background ...................................... 573
3 Role of disinfectants in infection control ................. 576
4 Regulation of disinfectants ................................ 581
5 Chemical disinfectants .................................... 582
6 Summary .................................................... 590
References .................................................... 590
Chapter F.2 Biocides
DAVID R. KARSA
1 The biocides market and regulatory environment ............. 593
2 Hygiene applications of biocides ........................... 594
3 Classification of biocides ................................. 595
4 Conclusions ................................................ 622
References .................................................... 623
Further reading .............................................. 623
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