Contributor contact details ................................. ix
Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials ................ xiii
Foreword ................................................... xix
Preface .................................................. xxiii
Part I Imaging technologies .................................... 1
1 Biomedical Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging ........ 3
S. Chua, The Royal Marsden Hospital, UK and
A. Groves, UCL Institute of Nuclear Medicine, UK
1.1 Introduction ............................................ 3
1.2 The role of PET in oncology ............................. 7
1.3 Individual oncological PET tracers and their
applications ........................................... 13
1.4 The role of PET in neurology ........................... 22
1.5 The role of PET in cardiology .......................... 25
1.6 The role of PET in drug development .................... 27
1.7 Conclusion and future trends ........................... 29
1.8 References ............................................. 32
2 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) in biomedical research ........ 41
S. Rao and K.D. Costa, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount
Sinai, USA
2.1 Introduction ........................................... 41
2.2 Key concepts of atomic force microscopy (AFM) .......... 42
2.3 AFM imaging methodologies .............................. 46
2.4 AFM nano-indentation ................................... 52
2.5 Specialized techniques ................................. 57
2.6 Conclusion and future trends ........................... 61
2.7 Bibliography ........................................... 62
3 Next generation techniques for biomedical imaging ........... 65
J.L. Richens and R. O'Shea, University of Nottingham, UK
3.1 Introduction ........................................... 65
3.2 An overview of imaging sciences ........................ 66
3.3 New developments to improve diagnosis and biological
analysis ............................................... 69
3.4 Imaging techniques: imaging Omics and array
imaging ................................................ 70
3.5 Plasmonics ............................................. 73
3.6 iBIOS Omics imaging: instrument assembly ............... 74
3.7 Label-free measurements: problems of non-specific
binding and the analyte dynamic range .................. 75
3.8 Data correction and analysis ........................... 80
3.9 Biomarker panel analysis ............................... 83
3.10 Future trends in Omics imaging ......................... 85
3.11 Conclusion ............................................. 87
3.12 Sources of further information and advice .............. 88
3.13 Acknowledgement ........................................ 88
3.14 References ............................................. 89
Part II Application-specific biomedical imaging techniques ..... 93
4 Brain imaging: assessing therapy responses using
quantitative imaging biomarkers ............................. 95
M. Hwang, M. Oborski, C. Laymon, F. Imani and J. Mountz,
University of Pittsburgh, USA
4.1 Introduction ........................................... 95
4.2 Epidemiology and classification of brain tumors ........ 95
4.3 Treatment .............................................. 96
4.4 The role of neuroimaging: computed tomography (CT)
and magnetic resonance (MR) ............................ 96
4.5 The role of neuroimaging: PET and tracers ............. 100
4.6 Conclusion ............................................ 104
4.7 Acknowledgements ...................................... 104
4.8 References ............................................ 104
5 Neural brain activation imaging ............................ 112
R.M. Sanchez Panchuelo, M.C. Stephenson, S.T. Francis and
P.G. Morris, University of Nottingham, UK
5.1 Introduction .......................................... 112
5.2 Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) .......... 112
5.3 Multimodal imaging .................................... 129
5.4 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) ............. 133
5.5 Sources of further information and advice ............. 144
5.6 References ............................................ 144
6 Ophthalmic imaging of ocular circulation for detecting
disease .................................................... 163
A. Harris, B. Siesky, S. Primus, M. Zore and L. Abrams
Tobe, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
6.1 Introduction: assessment of ocular blood flow ......... 163
6.2 Assessing blood flow using Doppler imaging and
scanning laser ophthalmoscope ......................... 164
6.3 Further methods for assessing ocular blood flow ....... 168
6.4 Recent and emerging techniques for assessing ocular
blood flow ............................................ 173
6.5 Association of ocular blood flow with ophthalmic
disease ............................................... 174
6.6 Conclusion ............................................ 177
6.7 References ............................................ 177
7 Intravascular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ............. 186
V. Acikel and E. Atalar, Bilkent University, Tьrkey
7.1 Introduction .......................................... 186
7.2 Intravascular magnetic resonance (MR) operations ...... 187
7.3 Catheter visualization ................................ 197
7.4 Tracking using intravascular MR coils ................. 205
7.5 Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) performance of catheter
coils ................................................. 207
7.6 Safety of intravascular catheters ..................... 207
7.7 Conclusion ............................................ 209
7.8 References ............................................ 209
8 Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ............ 214
R.M. Botnar, King's College London, UK and M.R. Makowski,
King's College London, UK and Charité University of
Medicine, Germany
8.1 Introduction .......................................... 214
8.2 Biology of atherosclerosis ............................ 215
8.3 Principles of cardiovascular magnetic resonance
(MR) imaging .......................................... 217
8.4 Preclinical molecular imaging in atherosclerosis ...... 224
8.5 Clinical imaging of atherosclerosis ................... 225
8.6 Conclusion and future trends .......................... 229
8.7 References ............................................ 230
9 Imaging methods for detection of joint degeneration ........ 235
T. Thote, S. Moran, A. Lin, N.J. Willett, R.E. Guldberg,
Georgia Institute of Technology, USA and C.P. Neu,
Purdue University, USA
9.1 Introduction .......................................... 235
9.2 An overview of osteoarthritis ......................... 236
9.3 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ...................... 239
9.4 Computer tomography (CT) based imaging ................ 244
9.5 Ultrasound imaging for cartilage ...................... 252
9.6 Vascular imaging ...................................... 253
9.7 Other imaging modalities .............................. 255
9.8 Conclusion ............................................ 257
9.9 References ............................................ 258
10 Whole body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ................ 266
C.L. Hoad, L. Marciani, S.T. Francis and
P.A. Gowland, University of Nottingham, UK
10.1 Introduction .......................................... 266
10.2 Gastrointestinal (GI) magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) ................................................. 267
10.3 Liver imaging ......................................... 273
10.4 Kidney imaging ........................................ 281
10.5 Foetal and placental imaging .......................... 288
10.6 Conclusion ............................................ 290
10.7 Sources of further information and advice ............. 291
10.8 References ............................................ 291
Index ...................................................... 307
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