Preface ........................................................ ix
Notation ....................................................... xi
Abbreviations ................................................ xiii
1 Measurement of wireless transceivers ....................... 1
1.1 Introduction ............................................... 1
1.2 Linear two-port networks ................................... 1
1.2.1 Microwave description ............................... 1
1.2.2 Noise ............................................... 6
1.3 Linear FOMs ................................................ 7
1.3.1 Linear network FOMs ................................. 7
1.3.2 Noise FOMs .......................................... 9
1.4 Nonlinear two-port networks ............................... 10
1.4.1 Nonlinear generation ............................... 11
1.4.2 Nonlinear impact in wireless systems ............... 14
1.5 Nonlinear FOMs ............................................ 16
1.5.1 Nonlinear single-tone FOMs ......................... 16
1.5.2 Nonlinear two-tone FOMs ............................ 19
1.5.3 FOMs for nonlinear continuous spectra .............. 28
1.6 System-level FOMs ......................................... 34
1.6.1 The constellation diagram .......................... 34
1.6.2 The error-vector magnitude ......................... 37
1.6.3 The peak-to-average power ratio .................... 38
1.7 Filters ................................................... 38
1.8 Amplifiers ................................................ 39
1.8.1 Linear and noise FOMs .............................. 40
1.8.2 Nonlinear FOMs ..................................... 45
1.8.3 Transient FOMs ..................................... 46
1.9 Mixers .................................................... 47
1.9.1 Two-port FOMs ...................................... 48
1.9.2 Three-port FOMs .................................... 50
1.10 Oscillators ............................................... 51
1.10.1 Oscillator FOMs .................................... 51
1.11 Frequency-multiplier FOMs ................................. 54
1.12 Digital converters ........................................ 56
1.12.1 Figures of merit ................................... 57
Problems .................................................. 61
References ................................................ 61
2 Instrumentation for wireless systems ...................... 63
2.1 Introduction .............................................. 63
2.2 Power meters .............................................. 63
2.2.1 How to measure power ............................... 65
2.2.2 The thermocouple principle ......................... 67
2.2.3 The diode probe principle .......................... 69
2.2.4 Power-meter architecture ........................... 71
2.2.5 Power-meter sources of error ....................... 72
2.2.6 Calibration of the power meter ..................... 74
2.3 Spectrum analyzers ........................................ 75
2.3.1 The spectrum ....................................... 75
2.3.2 Spectrum-analyzer architectures .................... 77
2.3.3 Basic operation of a spectrum analyzer ............. 83
2.3.4 Specifications of a spectrum analyzer .............. 86
2.3.5 The accuracy of a spectrum analyzer ................ 94
2.4 Vector signal analyzers ................................... 97
2.4.1 Basic operation of a vector signal analyzer ........ 98
2.5 Real-time signal analyzers ............................... 101
2.5.1 The RTSA block diagram ............................ 103
2.5.2 The RTSA spectrogram .............................. 104
2.5.3 RTSA persistence .................................. 105
2.5.4 The RTSA spectrum trigger ......................... 106
2.6 Vector network analyzers ................................. 107
2.6.1 Architecture ...................................... 108
2.6.2 Calibration ....................................... 111
2.6.3 VNA measurement uncertainty ....................... 115
2.7 Nonlinear vector network analyzers ....................... 115
2.7.1 Architecture ...................................... 116
2.7.2 Calibration ....................................... 117
2.8 Oscilloscopes ............................................ 118
2.9 Logic analyzers .......................................... 121
2.9.1 Logic-analyzer probes ............................. 122
2.9.2 Sampling the logic data ........................... 124
2.9.3 Triggering ........................................ 124
2.9.4 Real-time memory .................................. 125
2.9.5 Analyzing the acquired signal ..................... 125
2.10 Noise-figure measurement ................................. 125
2.10.1 Noise-figure measurement using a noise source ..... 126
2.10.2 Noise-figure measurement without a noise source ... 128
2.10.3 Accuracy and uncertainty of noise-figure
measurement ....................................... 130
Problems ................................................. 130
References ............................................... 131
3 Signal excitation ........................................ 133
3.1 Introduction ............................................. 133
3.2 One-tone excitation ...................................... 134
3.2.1 One-tone generation mechanisms .................... 135
3.2.2 One-tone instrumentation .......................... 140
3.3 Two-tone excitation ...................................... 143
3.3.1 Two-tone generation mechanisms .................... 145
3.4 Digitally modulated signals .............................. 148
3.4.1 The multi-sine .................................... 149
3.4.2 Complex modulated signals ......................... 158
3.5 Chirp signals ............................................ 160
3.6 Comb generators .......................................... 161
3.7 Pulse generators ......................................... 162
Problems ................................................. 164
References ............................................... 164
4 Test benches for wireless system characterization and
modeling ................................................. 166
4.1 Introduction ............................................. 166
4.2 Test benches for characterization ........................ 166
4.2.1 Power-meter measurements .......................... 166
4.2.2 Noise-figure measurements ......................... 169
4.2.3 Two-tone measurements ............................. 171
4.2.4 VNA measurements .................................. 178
4.2.5 NVNA measurements ................................. 183
4.2.6 Modulated signal measurements ..................... 187
4.2.7 Mixed-signal (analog and digital) measurements .... 195
4.2.8 Temperature-dependent measurements ................ 197
4.3 Test benches for behavioral modeling ..................... 197
4.3.1 Introduction ...................................... 197
4.3.2 Volterra-series modeling .......................... 199
4.3.3 State-space modeling .............................. 205
4.3.4 Beyond S-parameters ............................... 208
Problems ................................................. 213
References ............................................... 213
Index ......................................................... 217
| 
