Preface .........................................................ix
1 Introduction to Nonequilibrium Phenomena ................... 1
Shuichi Kinoshita
1.1 Overview ................................................... 1
1.2 Oscillatory Phenomena ...................................... 2
1.2.1 Oscillation Models .................................. 2
1.2.2 Belousov-Zhabotinsky Reaction ...................... 12
1.2.3 Relaxation Oscillation ............................. 17
1.3 Order-Formation Process ................................... 20
1.3.1 Colloidal Crystals ................................. 21
1.4 Pattern Formation ......................................... 28
1.4.1 Instability in Crystal Growth ...................... 29
1.4.2 Turing Pattern ..................................... 35
1.4.3 Color-Producing Nanostructures ..................... 41
1.5 Order and Fluctuation ..................................... 51
1.5.1 Phase-Transition Analogy ........................... 51
2 Belousov-Zhabotinsky Reaction ............................. 61
Jun Miyazaki
2.1 Introduction .............................................. 61
2.2 Oscillation, Wave Propagation, and Pattern Formation ...... 64
2.2.1 Composition ........................................ 64
2.2.2 Oscillation in a Reactor ........................... 65
2.2.3 Wave Propagation and Pattern Formation ............. 66
2.3 Reaction Mechanism and Numerical Simulation ............... 68
2.3.1 FKN Mechanism ...................................... 68
2.3.2 Oregonator Model and Limit Cycle Oscillation ....... 69
2.3.3 Wave Propagation, Target Pattern, and Spiral
Waves .............................................. 72
2.4 Synchronization ........................................... 75
2.4.1 Synchronization in Chemical Oscillation ............ 75
2.4.2 Analytical Method: Phase Model ..................... 75
2.4.3 Method for Determining Coupling Function ........... 76
2.4.4 Application to the Coupled BZ Oscillators .......... 77
3 Dynamics of Droplets ...................................... 85
Hiroyuki Kitahata, Natsuhiko Yoshinaga, Ken H. Nagai,
Yutaka Sumino
3.1 Introduction .............................................. 85
3.1.1 Active Matter ...................................... 85
3.1.2 Surface Tension .................................... 86
3.2 Surface Tension-Driven Spontaneous Motion ................. 88
3.2.1 Droplet Gliding on a Glass Surface ................. 88
3.2.2 Droplet Drifting on an Aqueous Surface ............. 92
3.2.3 Suspended Droplet Swimming in an Aqueous Phase ..... 95
3.3 Hydrodynamics for Spontaneous Motion ...................... 97
3.3.1 Basic Knowledge .................................... 97
3.3.2 Stokes How ......................................... 99
3.3.3 Surface Tension in the Frame of Hydrodynamics ..... 101
3.3.4 Spherical Droplet Moving Under a Concentration
Gradient .......................................... 102
3.4 Motion Coupled with Pattern Formation .................... 106
3.4.1 Motion of a BZ Droplet ............................ 106
3.4.2 Numerical Results ................................. 107
3.5 Concluding Remarks ....................................... 111
Appendix ................................................. 116
4 Density Oscillators ...................................... 119
Takeshi Kano
4.1 Introduction to Density Oscillators ...................... 119
4.1.1 Self-Oscillatory Phenomena ........................ 119
4.1.2 Relaxation Oscillations ........................... 121
4.1.3 Density Oscillators ............................... 123
4.2 Phenomenological Description ............................. 127
4.2.1 Experimental Procedure and General Oscillation
Trend ............................................. 127
4.2.2 Hydrodynamic Analysis of Each Upflow and
Downflow Branch ................................... 131
4.2.3 Phenomenological Model ............................ 137
4.3 Fundamental Mechanism of Oscillation ..................... 140
4.3.1 Hydrodynamic Analysis of Row Reversal ............. 141
4.3.2 Viscosity-Dependent Flow Reversal ................. 143
4.3.3 Model Including Flow-Reversal Process ............. 149
4.4 Concluding Remarks ....................................... 158
Appendix ................................................. 162
5 Colloidal Crystals ....................................... 165
Junpei Yamanaka, Tohru Okuzono, Akiko Toyotama
5.1 Introduction ............................................. 165
5.1.1 Order Induced by Entropy .......................... 165
5.1.2 Structures of Colloidal Dispersions ............... 166
5.1.3 Interactions between Colloidal Particles .......... 170
5.2 Samples and Methodology .................................. 175
5.2.1 Colloidal Samples ................................. 176
5.2.2 Characterization of Crystal Structures ............ 177
5.3 Crystallization of Charged Colloids ...................... 181
5.3.1 Charge-Induced Crystallization .................... 181
5.3.2 Unidirectional Crystallization .................... 183
5.3.3 Gel Immobilization ................................ 189
5.3.4 Exclusion of Impurity Particles ................... 189
5.4 Current Topics ........................................... 193
5.4.1 Opal-Type Crystals ................................ 193
5.4.2 Complex Structures ................................ 194
6 Structural Color in Nature: Basic Observations and
Analysis ................................................. 199
Shinya Yoshioka
6.1 Introduction ............................................. 199
6.1.1 Multiscale Systems and Structural Color in
Nature ............................................ 199
6.2 Basic Observations ....................................... 201
6.2.1 How to Illuminate ................................. 201
6.2.2 Morpho Butterfly .................................. 202
6.2.3 Jewel Beetle ...................................... 204
6.2.4 Liquid Immersion Experiment ....................... 206
6.3 Optical Characterization ................................. 207
6.3.1 Angle-Dependent Reflection ........................ 207
6.3.2 θ-2θ Scan Measurement ............................. 212
6.3.3 Integrated Optical Properties ..................... 215
6.3.4 Refractive Index Value ............................ 217
6.4 Analysis I ............................................... 218
6.4.1 Fresnel's Equations ............................... 218
6.4.2 Single Thin-Layer Interference .................... 221
6.4.3 Multilayer Interference ........................... 227
6.4.4 Analysis of Jewel Beetle's Iridescence ............ 234
6.5 Analysis II .............................................. 237
6.5.1 Fraunhofer Diffraction ............................ 237
6.5.2 Diffraction Grating ............................... 240
6.5.3 Analysis of Morpho Butterfly's Structural Color ... 242
6.5.4 Role of Pigment ................................... 246
6.6 Concluding Remarks ....................................... 248
References to Each Chapter .................................... 253
Index ......................................................... 257
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