Chapter 1. Introduction ......................................... 1
1.1 Need for Resilience in Infrastructure Systems .............. 4
1.2 Problem Statement .......................................... 5
1.3 Research Question .......................................... 6
1.4 Research Hypothesis and Its Implications ................... 6
1.5 Hypothesis Validation ...................................... 6
1.6 Research Approach .......................................... 7
1.7 Research Contribution ...................................... 7
1.8 Research Assumptions ....................................... 8
1.9 Dissertation Structure ..................................... 9
Chapter 2. Literature Review ................................... 13
2.1 Resilience Definitions .................................... 13
2.2 Resilience in Different Disciplines ....................... 14
2.3 Resilience and Disruptions (Shocks) ....................... 16
2.3.1 Categories of potential disruptions to systems ..... 16
2.3.2 Disruption profile ................................. 17
2.4 Methodologies for Characterizing Resilience ............... 18
2.5 Resilience Measurement Approaches ......................... 21
2.5.1 Infrastructure resilience metrics .................. 21
2.5.2 Service infrastructures resilience metrics ......... 22
2.6 Elements of Resilience .................................... 23
2.6.1 Resilience and vulnerability ....................... 24
2.6.2 Resilience and adaptive capacity ................... 25
2.7 Resilience in Organizations ............................... 25
2.8 Resilience and Risk Management ............................ 28
2.9 Summary ................................................... 29
Chapter 3. Relationship Between Reliability, Robustness,
Flexibility, Agility and Resilience ............................ 31
3.1 Reliability ............................................... 32
3.1.1 Definition ......................................... 32
3.1.2 Reliability metrics ................................ 33
3.1.3 Reliability and resilience ......................... 34
3.1.1 siv The Resilience of Networked Infrastructure
Systems ............................................ 34
3.2 Robustness ................................................ 35
3.2.1 Definition ......................................... 35
3.2.2 Robustness metrics ................................. 35
3.2.3 Robustness and reliability ......................... 36
3.2.4 Robustness and resilience .......................... 36
3.3 Flexibility ............................................... 38
3.3.1 Definition ......................................... 38
3.3.2 Flexibility metrics ................................ 38
3.3.3 Flexibility and robustness ......................... 40
3.3.4 Flexibility and resilience ......................... 40
3.4 Agility ................................................... 42
3.4.1 Definition ......................................... 42
3.4.2 Agility metrics .................................... 42
3.4.3 Agility and flexibility ............................ 43
3.4.4 Agility and resilience ............................. 44
3.5 Comparing R2FAR in Terms of Type Failures, Uncertainty
and Adaptability .......................................... 45
3.6 Summary ................................................... 47
Chapter 4. Resilience-Enabling Schemes ......................... 49
4.1 Scheme Identification ..................................... 50
4.2 Vulnerability Reduction ................................... 51
4.2.1 Redundancy ......................................... 51
4.2.2 Diversity .......................................... 53
4.2.3 Hardening .......................................... 54
4.2.4 Capacity tolerance ................................. 55
4.2.5 Modularity ......................................... 56
4.3 Increasing Adaptive Capacity Through Reorganization ....... 57
4.3.1 Resource allocation ................................ 57
4.3.2 Collaboration - United we stand .................... 58
4.3.3 Preparedness ....................................... 59
4.3.4 Cognition .......................................... 60
4.4 Summary ................................................... 61
Chapter 5 - Measuring the Resilience of Networked
Infrastructure Systems ......................................... 63
5.1 Risk Analysis ............................................. 64
5.1.1 Risk assessment ..................................... 64
5.2 Networked Infrastructure Resilience Assessment (NIRA)
Framework ................................................. 68
5.2.1 Boundary definition ................................ 68
5.2.2 Resilience metrics definition ...................... 71
5.2.3 Network resilience and node-to-node resilience ..... 73
5.2.4 System modeling .................................... 74
5.2.5 Resilience assessment process ...................... 79
5.2.6 Resilience schemes implementation and simulation ... 80
5.2.7 Resilience scheme evaluation ....................... 81
5.3 NIRA Framework: A Systems Approach for Measuring
Resilience ................................................ 85
5.4 Summary ................................................... 87
Chapter 6. Assessing the Resilience of the Global Internet
Cable System ................................................... 89
6.1 Problem Statement ......................................... 89
6.2 Structure of the Trans-Oceanic Cable System ............... 90
6.3 Resilience Assessment of the Global Submarine Cable
hfrastructure System ...................................... 91
6.3.1 Boundary definition ................................ 92
6.3.2 Resilience assessment process ...................... 94
6.3.3 Resilience scheme identification .................. 101
6.3.4 Case study results ................................ 105
6.4 Summary .................................................. 11l
Chapter 7. Assessing the Resilience of Road Transportation
Networks ...................................................... 113
7.1 Problem Statement ........................................ 113
7.2 Resilience Assessment of Boston-New York Corridor ........ 114
7.2.1 Boundary definition ............................... 114
7.2.2 Resilience assessment process ..................... 116
7.2.3 Resilience scheme identification .................. 123
7.2.4 Case study results ................................ 126
7.2.5 Case study conclusion ............................. 132
7.3 Resilience Assessment of Manhattan's Points of Entry ..... 132
7.3.1 Boundary definition ............................... 133
7.3.2 Resilience assessment process ..................... 135
7.3.3 Resilience scheme identification .................. 140
7.3.4 Case study results ................................ 142
7.3.5 Case study conclusion ............................. 146
7.4 Summary .................................................. 146
Chapter 8. Assessing the Resilience of Maritime
Transportation Systems ........................................ 149
8.1 Problem Statement ........................................ 149
8.2 Resilience Assessment of Main Pacific Ports .............. 150
8.2.1 Boundary definition ............................... 151
8.2.2 Resilience assessment process ..................... 153
8.2.3 Resilience scheme identification .................. 159
8.2.4 Case study results ................................ 160
8.3 Summary .................................................. 164
Chapter 9. Assessing the Resilience of Enterprise Systems -
An ITS Case Study ............................................. 165
9.1 Problem Statement ........................................ 165
9.2 Overview of National ITS ................................. 166
9.2.1 The physical architecture ......................... 166
9.2.2 The logical architecture .......................... 167
9.3 Resilience Assessment of the National ITS Emergency
Operations ............................................... 168
9.3.1 Boundary definition ............................... 168
9.3.2 Resilience assessment process ..................... 169
9.3.3 Resilience scheme selection ....................... 174
9.3.4 Case study results ................................ 175
9.4 Summary .................................................. 180
Chapter 10. Conclusion ........................................ 181
10.1 Book Summary ............................................. 181
10.2 Research Validation ...................................... 188
10.2.1 Construct validity ................................ 188
10.2.2 Content validity .................................. 189
10.2.3 Internal validity ................................. 189
10.2.4 External validity ................................. 189
10.2.5 Criterion validity ................................ 190
10.2.6 Face validity ..................................... 190
10.3 Research Contributions ................................... 190
10.3.1 Literature synthesis contribution (Chap. 2) ....... 191
10.3.2 Conceptual contribution (Chaps. 3 and 4) .......... 191
10.3.3 Methodological contributions (Chap. 5) ............ 191
10.3.4 Empirical contribution (Chaps. 6-9) ............... 192
10.4 Research Limitations ..................................... 192
10.4.1 Interoperability issue ............................ 193
10.4.2 System modeling approaches ........................ 193
10.4.3 Application of NIRA framework to other types of
systems ........................................... 193
10.5 Final Word ............................................... 194
References ............................................... 195
Index ......................................................... 213
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