Tostevin G.B. Seeing lithics: a middle-range theory for testing for cultural transmission in the pleistocene. - Oxford; Oakville: Oxbow books, 2012. - xxxvi, 572 p.: ill. - (American school of prehistoric research monograph series). - Bibliogr.: p.497-569. - Ind.: p.571-572. - ISBN 978-1-84217-527-9  Место хранения:   02 | Отделение ГПНТБ СО РАН | Новосибирск

Оглавление / Contents

Dedication .................................................... iii Copyright Acknowledgments ..................................... vii Preface ....................................................... xix Acknowledgments ............................................... xxi List of Figures and Tables .................................. xxiii 1 The Need for an Evolutionary Study of Culture History in the Pleistocene ......................................... 1 1.1 The Paleoanthropological Issue ............................. 1 1.2 The Behavioral Issue ....................................... 2 1.3 The Methodological Issue ................................... 5 1.4 The Structure of the Book .................................. 7 1.5 Relationship to Previous Work .............................. 8 2 Sampling the Middle to Upper Paleolithic Transition ....... 11 2.1 The Sampling Criteria ..................................... 11 2.2 An Introduction to the Regional Sequences of the MP-UP Transition ................................................ 12 2.2.1 Western Europe ..................................... 12 2.2.2 Central Europe: The Middle Danube .................. 14 Sampling Central Europe: The Middle Danube Basin ... 17 2.2.3 Eastern Europe ..................................... 17 Sampling Eastern Europe: Western Ukraine ........... 17 2.2.4 The Levant ......................................... 19 Sampling the Southern Levant ....................... 20 2.2.5 Regions Not Sampled: Southeastern Europe and Anatolia ........................................... 22 3 Building Bridges from High-Level Theory: Part One of a Middle-Range Theory for Paleolithic Culture History ..... 23 3.1 The Building Blocks: Past Theoretical Treatment of Culture Historical Processes and Artifact Variability ..... 24 3.1.1 Migrationism ....................................... 24 3.1.2 Boas and the Kulturkreislehre: The Rise of Diffusionism ....................................... 25 3.1.3 The Americanist Culture History School of Archaeology ........................................ 27 3.1.4 The Fall of Culture History and the Rise of the Processual Agenda .................................. 27 3.1.5 Sources of Artifact Variability: Style Theory from Binford to Wobst to Wiessner .................. 29 3.1.6 Style Theory from Sackett to Lechtman .............. 32 3.1.7 The Nested Nature of Style Theory .................. 37 3.1.8 Approach I: Carr's Unified Middle-Range Theory of Artifact Design .................................... 39 3.1.9 Approach II: Chavne Operatoire and the French Technologie School ................................. 42 3.1.10 Approach III: Behavioral Archaeology and Behavioral Chain Analysis .......................... 46 3.1.11 Approach IV: The Organization of Technology ........ 49 3.1.12 Causation in Artifact Design ....................... 53 The Problem with Utilitarian Function as a Default Assumption for Artifact Form ............. 53 Proximate and Ultimate Evolutionary Mechanisms in Technological Change ............................ 55 Emic versus Etic Recognition of Artifact Design Variation .......................................... 58 Evolutionary Psychology and Material Culture ....... 60 Reinserting Social Function into the Evolutionary Ecology of Lithic Artifact Variation ............... 61 3.1.13 Combining the Four Approaches to Explaining Artifact Variability ............................... 61 3.2 Culture History as Evolutionary Process ................... 63 3.2.1 Three of the Four Forces of Evolution .............. 63 3.2.2 Cultural Transmission Theory ....................... 65 3.2.3 The Processual Understanding of Culture Historical Mechanisms .............................. 69 3.2.4 The Processual Understanding of Culture Contact among Foragers ..................................... 73 The Problem of Scale and the Vцlkerwanderungen ..... 74 Definition of Culture Historical Processes ......... 78 3.2.5 Social Intimacy and the Taskscape Visibility Concept ............................................ 79 The Social Side of the Curation Concept ............ 88 How to Choose Appropriate Units of Analysis ........ 90 3.3 Bridging from the Other Bank: The Need to Model Knapper Technological Decisions from the Artifact Up .............. 92 4 Building Bridges from Low-Level Theory: Part Two of a Middle-Range Theory for Paleolithic Culture History ..... 93 4.1 Which Methodology: French, American, or Neither? .......... 94 4.2 What We Know the Knapper Chooses During the Flintknapping Process ..................................... 98 4.2.1 Conceptual Modeling of the Observational Learning of the Flintknapping Process .............. 99 4.2.2 Lessons Learned from Experimental Archaeology ..... 110 4.2.3 Changes in the Number of Domains Necessitated by the Taskscape Visibility Concept from Chapter 3 .. 116 4.3 To Make a Stone Soup: The Description of the Technological Signature for Blank Production ............. 119 4.3.1 Domain 1. Core Modification ....................... 120 Domain 1. Step 1. Core Orientation ................ 121 Domain 1. Step 2. Core Management ................. 123 4.3.2 Domain 2. Platform Maintenance .................... 124 Domain 2. Step 1. Debitage Platform Treatment ..... 125 Domain 2. Step 2. Exterior Platform Angle ......... 125 Domain 2. Step 3. Platform Thickness .............. 126 4.3.3 Domain 3. Direction of Core Exploitation .......... 126 Domain 3. Step 1. Direction of Early Exploitation ............................ 130 Domain 3. Step 2. Direction of Late Exploitation .. 130 4.3.4 Domain 4. Dorsal Surface Convexity ................ 132 Domain 4. Step 1. Elongation of the Longitudinal Convexity (Length/Width Ratio) .......... 132 Domain 4. Step 2. Shape of Convexity: Debitage Lateral Edges ........................... 133 Domain 4. Step 3. Curvature of the Convexity: Profile ................................. 133 Domain 4. Step 4. Debitage Cross-section Types .... 134 Domain 4. Step 5. Vertical Convexity (Width/ Thickness Ratio) ........................ 135 4.4 Description of the Morphology of the Tool Kit ............ 136 Step 1. Tool Laminarity (Length/Width Ratio) ............. 136 Step 2. Tool Vertical Convexity (Width/Thickness Ratio) .. 136 Step 3. Shape of Cutting Edges: Lateral Edge Type ........ 136 Step 4. Shape of the Distal Terminus ..................... 136 Step 5. Curvature of the Cutting Edge: Blank Profile ..... 137 Step 6. Application of Unique Retouch .................... 137 Step 7. Location of Retouch as Tool Types ................ 137 4.5 Evaluating the Statistical Independence of the Units of Analysis ................................................. 138 4.6 Evaluating the Comparability of Assemblages .............. 142 4.7 Procedures for the Pair-wise Comparison of Assemblages ... 147 4.8 Connecting the Bridging Arguments between High-level and Low-level Theory ..................................... 151 4.8.1 Cultural Transmission versus Independent Innovation: The Model Predictions ................. 151 4.8.2 Expectations of the Three Hypotheses .............. 152 Expectation Number 1 (Antecedents: Continuity in Technical Choices) ............................. 152 Expectation Number 2 (Number of Changes in Technical Choices) ................................ 153 Expectation Number 3 (Number of Domains Affected by Change) ............................... 154 Expectation Number 4 (Enculturation versus Stimulus Diffusion) ............................... 154 Expectation Number 5 (Parsimony of the Inter-regional Sequence) .......................... 157 4.8.3 Evaluation of the Goodness of Fit ................. 160 5 Regional Patterns of Behavior: Central Europe ............ 161 5.1 Kulna Cave, Layer 7a ..................................... 161 5.1.1 Site Background ................................... 161 5.1.2 Sampling .......................................... 162 5.1.3 Blank Production .................................. 162 Core Modification ................................. 162 Platform Maintenance .............................. 164 Direction of Core Exploitation .................... 164 Dorsal Surface Convexity .......................... 166 5.1.4 Tool Kit Morphology ............................... 166 Intensity of Tool and Core Reduction .............. 168 5.2 Stránská skala Ilia, Layer 4 ............................. 171 5.2.1 Site Background ................................... 171 5.2.2 Sampling .......................................... 174 5.2.3 Blank Production .................................. 174 Core Modification ................................. 174 Platform Maintenance .............................. 176 Direction of Core Exploitation .................... 176 Dorsal Surface Convexity .......................... 180 5.2.4 Tool Kit Morphology ............................... 180 Intensity of Tool and Core Reduction .............. 183 5.3 Stránská skála III, Layer 5 .............................. 183 5.3.1 Site Background ................................... 183 5.3.2 Sampling .......................................... 184 5.3.3 Blank Production .................................. 184 Core Modification ................................. 184 Platform Maintenance .............................. 187 Direction of Core Exploitation .................... 187 Dorsal Surface Convexity .......................... 190 5.3.4 Tool Kit Morphology ............................... 191 Intensity of Tool and Core Reduction .............. 192 5.4 Vedrovice V .............................................. 193 5.4.1 Site Background ................................... 193 5.4.2 Sampling .......................................... 196 5.4.3 Blank Production .................................. 196 Core Modification ................................. 196 Platform Maintenance .............................. 198 Direction of Core Exploitation .................... 198 Dorsal Surface Convexity System ................... 199 5.4.4 Tool Kit Morphology ............................... 199 Intensity of Tool and Core Reduction .............. 200 5.5 Stránská skála IIIс ...................................... 202 5.5.1 Site Background ................................... 202 5.5.2 Sampling .......................................... 203 5.5.3 Blank Production .................................. 203 Core Modification ................................. 203 Platform Maintenance .............................. 204 Direction of Core Exploitation .................... 207 Dorsal Surface Convexity .......................... 209 5.5.4 Tool Kit Morphology ............................... 209 Intensity of Tool and Core Reduction .............. 211 5.6 Aurignacian Industries from Stránská skála IIа Layer 4 and IIIa Layer 3 ......................................... 211 5.6.1 Site Background ................................... 211 5.6.2 Sampling .......................................... 212 5.6.3 Blank Production .................................. 212 5.6.4 Core Modification ................................. 212 Platform Maintenance .............................. 214 Direction of Core Exploitation .................... 214 Dorsal Surface Convexity .......................... 216 5.6.4 Tool Manufacture .................................. 216 Intensity of Tool and Core Reduction .............. 216 5.7 Comparison of Central European Flintknapping Behaviors ... 218 5.7.1 Kulna Layer 7a versus Stránská skála Ilia Layer 4 ........................................... 221 Blank Production .................................. 221 Tool Kit Morphology ............................... 223 5.7.2 Stránská skála IIIa Layer 4 and Stránská skála III Layer 5 ....................................... 225 Blank Production .................................. 225 Tool Kit Morphology ............................... 229 5.7.3 Stránská skála III Layer 5 versus Vedrovice V ..... 229 Blank Production .................................. 232 Tool Kit Morphology ............................... 233 5.7.4 Stránská skála IIIa Layer 4 and Stránská skála Шс ................................................ 233 Blank Production .................................. 235 Tool Kit Morphology ............................... 237 5.7.5 Stránská skála III Layer 5 versus Stránská skála Шс ................................................ 237 Blank Production .................................. 277 Tool Kit Morphology ............................... 240 5.7.6 Stránská skála IIIc versus Vedrovice V ............ 240 Blank Production .................................. 242 Tool Kit Morphology ............................... 243 5.7.7 Vedrovice V and the Aurignacian of Stránská skála IIIa-3 and IIa-4 ............................ 244 Blank Production .................................. 246 Tool Kit Morphology ............................... 248 5.7.8 Stránská skála III Layer 5 versus the Aurignacian of Stránská skála IIа and IIIа ........ 248 Blank Production .................................. 249 Tool Kit Morphology ............................... 251 5.7.9 Kulna Layer 7a versus Vedrovice V ................. 251 Blank Production .................................. 255 Tool Kit Morphology ............................... 257 5.8 Significance of the Central European Sequence for Model Expectations 1-4 ......................................... 258 6 Regional Patterns of Behavior: Eastern Europe ............ 263 6.1 Molodova V Layer 11 ...................................... 263 6.1.1 Site Background ................................... 263 6.1.2 Sampling .......................................... 264 6.1.3 Blank Production .................................. 264 6.1.4 Core Modification ................................. 264 Platform Maintenance .............................. 266 Direction of Core Exploitation .................... 266 Dorsal Surface Convexity .......................... 269 6.1.4 Tool Kit Morphology ............................... 269 Intensity of Tool and Core Reduction ..................... 269 6.2 Korolevo II Complex II ................................... 270 6.2.1 Site Background ................................... 270 6.2.2 Sampling .......................................... 273 6.2.3 Blank Production .................................. 273 Core Modification ................................. 273 Platform Maintenance .............................. 274 Direction of Core Exploitation .................... 274 Dorsal Surface Convexity .......................... 276 6.2.4 Tool Kit Morphology ............................... 277 Intensity of Tool and Core Reduction .............. 278 6.3 Korolevo I Layer Ia ...................................... 279 6.3.1 Site Background ................................... 279 6.3.2 Sampling .......................................... 281 6.3.3 Blank Production .................................. 281 Core Modification ................................. 281 Platform Maintenance .............................. 282 Direction of Core Exploitation .................... 282 Dorsal Surface Convexity .......................... 284 6.3.4 Tool Kit Morphology ............................... 284 Intensity of Tool and Core Reduction .............. 284 6.4 Comparison of Eastern European Flintknapping Behaviors ... 287 6.4.1 Molodova V Layer II versus Korolevo II Complex II ........................................ 287 Blank Production .................................. 288 Tool Kit Morphology ............................... 291 6.4.2 Korolevo II Complex II versus Korolevo I Layer Ia ................................................ 291 Blank Production .................................. 293 Tool Kit Morphology ............................... 293 6.5 Significance of the Eastern European Sequence for Model Expectations 1-4 ......................................... 295 7 Regional Patterns of Behavior: The Levant ................ 299 7.1 Kebara Cave Unit VI ...................................... 299 7.1.1 Site Background ................................... 299 7.1.2 Sampling .......................................... 299 7.1.3 Blank Production .................................. 303 Core Modification ................................. 303 Platform Maintenance .............................. 303 Direction of Core Exploitation .................... 303 Dorsal Surface Convexity .......................... 305 7.1.4 Tool Kit Morphology ............................... 305 Intensity of Tool and Core Reduction .............. 308 7.2 Boker Tachtit Level 1 .................................... 310 7.2.1 Site Background ................................... 310 7.2.2 Sampling .......................................... 310 7.2.3 Blank Production (A Reply to Marks 2003 and Belfer-Cohen and Goring-Morris 2003) .............. 312 Core Modification ................................. 312 Platform Maintenance .............................. 312 Direction of Core Exploitation .................... 316 Dorsal Surface Convexity .......................... 323 7.2.4 Tool Kit Morphology ............................... 324 Intensity of Tool and Core Reduction .............. 325 7.3 Boker Tachtit Level 2 .................................... 326 7.3.1 Site Background ................................... 326 7.3.2 Sampling .......................................... 326 7.3.3 Blank Production .................................. 326 Core Modification ................................. 326 Platform Maintenance .............................. 326 Direction of Core Exploitation .................... 328 Dorsal Surface Convexity .......................... 332 7.3.4 Tool Kit Morphology ............................... 333 Intensity of Tool and Core Reduction .............. 335 7.4 Boker Tachtit Level 4 .................................... 335 7.4.1 Site Background ................................... 335 7.4.2 Sampling .......................................... 335 7.4.3 Blank Production .................................. 339 Core Modification ................................. 339 Platform Maintenance .............................. 339 Direction of Core Exploitation .................... 339 Dorsal Surface Convexity .......................... 341 7.4.4 Tool Kit Morphology ............................... 341 Intensity of Tool and Core Reduction .............. 341 7.5 Kebara Cave Unit IV ...................................... 343 7.5.1 Site Background ................................... 343 7.5.2 Sampling .......................................... 345 7.5.3 Blank Production .................................. 346 Core Modification ................................. 346 7.5.1 Platform Maintenance .............................. 346 Direction of Core Exploitation .................... 346 Dorsal Surface Convexity .......................... 346 7.5.4 Tool Kit Morphology ............................... 347 Intensity of Tool and Core Reduction .............. 347 7.6 Kebara Cave Unit III ..................................... 349 7.6.1 Site Background ................................... 349 7.6.2 Sampling .......................................... 349 7.6.3 Blank Production .................................. 349 Core Modification ................................. 349 Platform Maintenance .............................. 351 Direction of Core Exploitation .................... 352 Dorsal Surface Convexity .......................... 353 7.6.4 Tool Kit Morphology ............................... 353 Intensity of Tool and Core Reduction .............. 354 7.7 Kebara Cave Unit II ...................................... 356 7.7.1 Site Background ................................... 356 7.7.2 Sampling .......................................... 356 7.7.3 Blank Production .................................. 356 Core Modification ................................. 356 Platform Maintenance .............................. 358 Direction of Core Exploitation .................... 359 Dorsal Surface Convexity .......................... 359 7.7.4 Tool Kit Morphology ............................... 359 Intensity of Tool and Core Reduction .............. 361 7.8 Kebara Cave Unit I ....................................... 362 7.8.1 Site Background ................................... 362 7.8.2 Sampling .......................................... 362 7.8.3 Blank Production .................................. 362 Core Modification ................................. 362 Platform Maintenance .............................. 364 Direction of Core Exploitation .................... 364 Dorsal Surface Convexity .......................... 364 7.8.4 Tool Kit Morphology ............................... 366 Intensity of Tool and Core Reduction .............. 366 7.9 Comparison of Levantine Flintknapping Behaviors .......... 368 7.9.1 Comparison of Kebara Cave Unit VI and Boker Tachtit Level 1 ................................... 369 Blank Production .................................. 369 Tool Kit Morphology ............................... 371 7.9.2 Comparison of Boker Tachtit Level 1 and Boker Tachtit Level 2 ................................... 373 Blank Production .................................. 374 Tool Kit Morphology ............................... 377 7.9.3 Comparison of Boker Tachtit Level 2 and Kebara Cave Unit IV ...................................... 377 Blank Production .................................. 377 Tool Kit Morphology ............................... 379 7.9.4 Comparison of Boker Tachtit Level 2 and Boker Tachtit Level 4 ................................... 379 Blank Production .................................. 380 Tool Kit Morphology ............................... 382 7.9.5 Comparison of Kebara Cave Unit IV and Unit III .... 383 Blank Production .................................. 383 Tool Kit Morphology ............................... 385 7.9.6 Comparison of Kebara Cave Unit III and Boker Tachtit Level 4 ................................... 385 Blank Production .................................. 386 Tool Kit Morphology ............................... 387 7.9.7 Comparison of Kebara Cave Unit III and Unit II .... 387 Blank Production .................................. 390 Tool Kit Morphology ............................... 390 7.9.8 Comparison of Kebara Cave Unit II and Unit I ...... 393 Blank Production .................................. 393 Tool Kit Morphology ............................... 393 7.10 Significance of the Levantine Sequence for Model Expectations 1-4 ......................................... 395 8 Inter-Regional Pattern of Change ......................... 399 8.1 Inter-regional Pair-wise Comparisons ..................... 399 8.1.1 Comparison of Boker Tachtit Level 1 and Stránská skála IIIа Layer 4 ............................... 399 Blank Production .................................. 401 Tool Kit Morphology ............................... 401 8.1.2 Comparison of Boker Tachtit Level 1 and Korolevo II-II ............................................. 401 Blank Production .................................. 404 Tool Kit Morphology ............................... 406 8.1.3 Comparison of Stránská skála IIIa Layer 4 and Korolevo II-II .................................... 406 Blank Production .................................. 406 Tool Kit Morphology ............................... 408 8.1.4 Comparison of Boker Tachtit Level 2 and Stránská skála Ша Layer 4 .................................. 411 Blank Production .................................. 411 Tool Kit Morphology ............................... 414 8.1.5 Comparison of Boker Tachtit Level 2 and Korolevo II-II ............................................. 415 Blank Production .................................. 416 Tool Kit Morphology ............................... 416 8.1.6 Comparison of Kebara Cave Unit I and the Aurignacian of Stránská skála Па .................. 418 Layer 4 and and Ша Layer 3 ........................ 418 Blank Production .................................. 421 Tool Kit Morphology ............................... 421 8.2 An Evaluation of the Inter-regional Sequence of Change ... 421 8.2.1 The Relevance of Regions Not Sampled in this Research .......................................... 432 9 Conclusions .............................................. 435 9.1 Results .................................................. 436 9.2 Implications for the Origins of Anatomically Modern Humans ................................................... 437 9.2.1 Symmetric or Asymmetric Transmission .............. 437 9.2.2 Why did the Bohunician Behavioral Package spread between regions? .................................. 438 9.2.3 Who made the Bohunician Behavioral Package? ....... 439 9.2.4 Role of the Bohunician Behavioral Package in the Danube Corridor Model ............................. 441 9.3 Methodological Contributions of this Research ............ 442 9.3.1 Paths Not Taken: Alternative Structures of Analysis .......................................... 443 9.4 Predictions for Future Research .......................... 447 Appendix: Artifact Illustrations .............................. 449 Endnotes ...................................................... 495 References .................................................... 497 Index ......................................................... 571