Preface ....................................................... vii
I Introduction: Phase equilibria and kinetics of phase
transformations under high pressure ........................ 1
1.1 One-component system ....................................... 5
1.2 Two-component systems ..................................... 25
References ................................................ 38
1 Equipment and methods for the study of phase
transformations in solids at high pressures ............... 44
1.1 Equipment ................................................. 44
1.1.1 Hydrostatic pressure ............................... 44
1.1.1.1 Producing a high-pressure gas
environment ............................... 44
1.1.1.2 Generation of high pressure in a fluid .... 46
1.1.2 Quasi-hydrostatic pressure ......................... 47
1.2 Apparatus for the study of phase transitions under
pressure in solid by the shear method ..................... 47
1.2.1 Chamber for shear under pressure to 25 GPa with
diamond anvils of the 'carbonado' type and WC-Co
alloys ............................................. 49
1.2.1.1 High-pressure chamber for shear
deformation of solids up to 25 GPa in
the range 77-600 К ........................ 49
1.2.1.2 A chamber with spherical bearings for
shear deformation under pressure to 25
GPa ....................................... 52
1.2.2 Chambers for shear under pressure with anvils
made of natural diamond single crystals ............ 58
1.2.2.1 Diamond chamber for shear under pressure
to 43 GPa ................................. 58
1.2.2.2 Diamond chamber for shear under pressure
to 86 GPa ................................. 63
1.2.2.3 Large chamber of the piston-cylinder
type for the study of solids at
pressures up to 2.5 GPa in the
temperature range 77-300 К under shear
strain .................................... 65
1.3 Methods of investigation of phase transformations at
high pressures ............................................ 68
1.3.1 Magnetometric method ............................... 69
1.3.2 Dilatometric method ................................ 70
1.3.3 Measurement of electrical resistance under
conditions of shear deformation .................... 73
1.3.4 Determination of the deformation work .............. 74
1.3.1 The study of luminescence Al2O3: Cr3+ in
non-hydrostatic compression and plastic flow
under pressure ..................................... 75
1.3.6 Methods of treatment of substances by hydrostatic
and quasi-hydrostatic pressure ..................... 83
1.3.7 Structural methods of studying solids subjected
to shear deformation under pressure ................ 85
1.3.8 Other methods ...................................... 86
References ................................................ 86
2 Phase transformations of carbon and boron nitride at
high pressure and deformation under pressure .............. 88
2.1 Phase transitions in carbon and boron nitride (review) .... 90
2.2 Experimental study of phase transformations in carbon
and boron nitride in shear under pressure ................. 93
2.2.1 Carbon ............................................. 93
2.2.2 BN ................................................ 105
References ............................................... 122
3 Phase transitions in Si and Ge at high pressure and
deformation under pressure ............................... 123
References ............................................... 145
4 Polymorphic α-ω transformation in titanium, zirconium
and zirconium-titanium alloys ............................ 147
4.1 Investigation of α-ω transformation in Ti and Zr in
shear underpressure ...................................... 154
4.2 Ti-Zr alloys ............................................. 157
References ............................................... 164
5 Phase transformations in iron and its alloys at high
pressure ................................................. 166
5.1 Polymorphic γ-α transformation in iron under pressure .... 166
5.2 α-ε transformation in iron ............................... 173
5.3 T0-p0-c diagram with metastable equilibria of iron-based
alloys ................................................... 177
5.3.1 T0-p0-c diagram of Fe-Ni alloys ................... 179
5.4 y-a martensitic transformation in a magnetic field ....... 182
5.4.1 Effect of magnetic field on the athermal
martensitic transformation ........................ 183
5.4.2 Effect of the magnetic field on the isothermal
martensitic transformation ........................ 186
References ............................................... 188
6 Phase transformations in gallium and cerium .............. 191
6.1 Gallium .................................................. 191
6.2 Cerium ................................................... 193
6.2.1 Isomorphic γ → α transition in cerium at
T = 300 К ......................................... 193
6.2.2 The influence of shear deformation on the γ ↔ α
phase transition in cerium ........................ 195
References ............................................... 198
7 On the possible polymorphic transformations in
transition metals under pressure ......................... 199
References ............................................... 202
8 Pressure-induced polymorphic transformations in AIBVII
compounds ................................................ 204
8.1 Polymorphic transformation of rubidium and potassium
halides under pressure ................................... 204
8.2 Polymorphic transformation in Rbl and KCl under
pressure at low temperatures ............................. 210
8.3 The influence of shear deformation on the B1-B2
transition in KCl and RbCl ............................... 218
8.3.1 KCl ............................................... 218
8.3.2 RbCl .............................................. 219
8.4 Polymorphic transformation in ScF3 under pressure ........ 221
References ............................................... 226
9 Phase transformations in AIIBVI and AIIIBV semiconductor
compounds ................................................ 228
9.1 Polymorphic transformation in AIIBVI compounds (CdS and
HgTe) .................................................... 228
9.1.1 CdS ............................................... 228
9.1.2 HgTe .............................................. 232
9.2 Polymorphic transformation in AIIIBV compounds (InSb and
GaSb) .................................................... 234
9.2.1 InSb .............................................. 234
9.2.1 The influence of deformation on the phase
transition in InSb under pressure ................. 245
9.2.2 GaSb .............................................. 248
References ............................................... 254
10 Effect of pressure on the kinetics of phase
transformations in iron alloys ........................... 256
10.1 The kinetics of the polymorphic γ-α transformation in
Fe-Cr under pressure ..................................... 259
10.1.1 T0-p diagram of Fe-Cr alloys ....................... 260
10.1.2 The kinetics of the γ-α transformation ............ 262
10.2 The kinetics of the polymorphic γ-α transformation in
Fe-Ni alloys under pressure .............................. 266
10.3 The kinetics of austenite transformation of steel under
pressure ................................................. 276
10.3.1 Pearlite transformation ........................... 277
10.3.2 Bainite transformation ............................ 283
References ............................................... 286
11 Transformations during deformation at high pressure ...... 289
11.1 Phase transformations during deformation ................. 289
11.2 Martensitic transformation during deformation ............ 293
11.3 Effect of preliminary plastic deformation on the
kinetics of the polymorphic (γ-α) and pearlite
transformations .......................................... 300
11.4 The formation of solid solutions in shear strain
deformation conditions ................................... 302
11.4.1 The formation of solid solutions in the Ti-Zr
system under shear deformation .................... 306
11.5 The formation of compounds in Fe-X alloys in shear
under pressure ........................................... 315
11.5.1 Fe-Al ............................................. 315
11.5.2 Fe-Co and Fe-C systems ............................ 319
11.5.2.1 Fe-Co alloys ............................. 320
11.5.2.2 Fe-C alloys .............................. 322
11.6 Compaction and sintering in deformation under pressure ... 324
11.6.1 The influence of shear deformation on the
process of cold sintering of molybdenum under
pressure .......................................... 326
References ............................................... 332
12 Effects due to phase transformations at high pressure .... 334
12.1 The effect of pressure redistribution during phase
transitions .............................................. 334
12.1.1 The effect of pressure redistribution due to
phase transition in potassium chloride initiated
by shear .......................................... 334
12.1.2 The effect of pressure redistribution due to
phase transition in KCl being initiated by the
thermal method .................................... 337
12.1.3 On the nature of the effect of pressure
redistribution during phase transitions ........... 340
12.2 Thermal effects of the polymorphic transformation in
RbCl under pressure ...................................... 344
12.3 Amorphization during deformation at high pressure ........ 349
12.4 Virtual melting of hydrogen and elements of group VIII
at negative pressure ..................................... 352
References ............................................... 355
13 Kinetics and hysteresis in high-temperature
polymorphic transformations under pressure ............... 357
13.1 Kinetics of high-temperature polymorphic
transformations at high pressure ......................... 360
13.2 Hysteresis of high-temperature polymorphic
transformations underpressure ............................ 370
13.3 On the lower temperature boundary of high-temperature
polymorphic transformations .............................. 377
References ............................................... 380
14 Hysteresis and kinetics of low-temperature polymorphic
transformations under pressure ........................... 382
14.1 Hysteresis of the low-temperature polymorphic
transformations under pressure ........................... 382
14.2 On the nature of low-temperature reactions ............... 388
14.2.1 The stability of the initial phase during
martensitic transformation ........................ 392
14.2.2 Athermal nucleation and athermal crystal growth
of a new phase .................................... 405
14.3 Kinetics of thermally activated low-temperature
transformations .......................................... 410
14.4 The shape of hysteresis lines of low-temperature
transformation and fully isothermal martensitic
transformation ........................................... 416
14.5 Various structural and kinetic types of polymorphic
transformations .......................................... 420
References ............................................... 421
15 Kinetics of phase transformations under pressure
and the synthesis of high-pressure phases ................ 424
15.1 On the mechanism of high-temperature polymorphic
transformations .......................................... 424
15.2 Kinetics of high-temperature and thermally activated
low-temperature transformations in the isobaric-
isothermal conditions .................................... 425
15.3 The dependence of the enthalpy of activation of high-
temperature polymorphic transformations on pressure ...... 426
15.4 The temperature limit of stability of high-pressure
phases at normal pressure ................................ 430
15.5 The kinetics of phase transformations under pressure
and the synthesis of high-pressure phases ................ 432
References ............................................... 435
Conclusions ................................................... 436
Index ......................................................... 438
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