1 Introduction ................................................. 1
1.1 Motivation .............................................. 1
1.1.1 Incidents Related to Uncoupled Sidesticks ........ 2
1.1.2 Active Sidesticks ................................ 2
1.2 A Review about Uncoupled Sidesticks in Commercial
Airplanes ............................................... 3
1.3 Problem Formulation ..................................... 4
1.4 Scientific Questioning .................................. 5
1.5 Thesis Structure ........................................ 6
2 Inceptor System Technologies and Applications ................ 9
2.1 Technology .............................................. 9
2.1.1 Reliability and Safety Aspects .................. 11
2.1.2 Active Inceptor Systems Capabilities ............ 12
2.2 Coupled Sidesticks ..................................... 14
2.2.1 Coupled Active Sidesticks ....................... 14
2.2.2 The Mechanical Coupling Solution ................ 17
2.3 Airplanes Featuring Active Inceptors ................... 19
2.3.1 KAI T-50 Golden Eagle ........................... 19
2.3.2 Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II ............... 19
2.3.3 Embraer KC-390 .................................. 19
2.3.4 The Boeing 777 .................................. 20
2.4 Research Review ........................................ 20
2.4.1 Comparative Studies of Coupled and Uncoupled
Inceptors ....................................... 21
2.4.2 Review of Research Fields on Active Inceptors ... 24
2.4.3 Pilot Induced Oscillations Avoidance by
Tactile Feedback ................................ 26
2.4.4 Envelope Protection Using Tactile Feedback ...... 27
3 Flying a Modern Airliner .................................... 31
3.1 Modern Airline Operation .............................. 31
3.1.1 The Importance of the Monitoring Duties ......... 32
3.1.2 Approach and Landing ............................ 33
3.2 Automation ............................................. 36
4 Analysis of Flight Incidents/Accident ....................... 39
4.1 The Dual Input Problem ................................. 39
4.1.1 The Dual Input Logic ............................ 39
4.1.2 Flight Incidents Related to Dual Inputs ......... 40
4.1.3 Discussion ...................................... 43
4.2 The Communication Link Problem ......................... 44
4.2.1 Events Related to Communication Link ............ 44
4.2.2 Discussion ...................................... 46
5 Coupled Sidesticks during Approach and Landing .............. 47
5.1 Introduction ........................................... 47
5.2 Scenario Design ........................................ 47
5.2.1 The Replayed Simulation Methodology ............. 47
5.2.2 Gathering Landing Data .......................... 49
5.2.3 Control Takeover Logic Behind the Replayed
Landings ........................................ 50
5.2.4 Active Sidestick Setup Characteristics .......... 56
5.2.5 Scenario Limitations ............................ 57
5.3 Experimental Setup ..................................... 57
5.3.1 Simulation Environment .......................... 57
5.3.2 Subjects and Briefing ........................... 59
5.3.3 Experimental Procedure .......................... 60
5.4 Evaluation Methods ..................................... 62
5.4.1 Limitations of the Evaluation Methods ........... 63
5.5 Results and Discussion ................................. 63
5.5.1 Answers to the Questionnaire .................... 64
5.5.2 Interview ....................................... 76
5.5.3 Analysis of the Simulation Data ................. 88
6 Coupled Sidesticks during Stall in Cruise ................... 91
6.1 Introduction ........................................... 91
6.2 Scenario Design ........................................ 92
6.2.1 Scenario Choice ................................. 92
6.2.2 Simulation Preparation .......................... 92
6.2.3 Scenario Limitations and Revision ............... 99
6.3 Experimental Setup .................................... 100
6.3.1 Simulation Environment ......................... 100
6.3.2 Subjects and Instructions ...................... 100
6.4 Evaluation Methods .................................... 101
6.4.1 Evaluation Methods Limitations ................. 102
6.5 Results and Discussion ................................ 102
6.5.1 Results ........................................ 102
6.5.2 Discussion ..................................... 109
7 Conclusions and Future Works ............................... 113
Bibliography ............................................... 119
A Situation Awareness Model .................................. 129
B Cockpit of the Airbus A320 ................................. 133
С Airbus A320 Speeds and Checklist for ILS Approach .......... 137
D Questionnaire of the Approach and Landing Experiment ....... 139
E Questionnaire of the Stall in Cruise Experiment ............ 143
F Briefing Guide for the Approach and Landing Experiment ..... 147
G Briefing Guide for the Stall in Cruise Experiment .......... 149
7 Landing Time Histories and Control Takeover Events ......... 151
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