Contributor contact details .................................... ix
Series introduction ........................................... xii
Volumes in the EFC series ..................................... xiv
1 Carburisation and metal dusting of steels and high-
temperature alloys by hydrocarbons ........................... 1
H.J. Grabke, Max-Planck-Institut fur Eisenforschung GmbH,
Germany
1.1 Introduction: Thermodynamics ............................ 1
1.2 Carburisation ........................................... 2
1.3 Metal dusting ........................................... 9
1.4 References ............................................. 16
2 Integrity and life assessment of catalytic reformer
units ....................................................... 18
J.M. Brear, Stress Engineering Services (Europe) Limited,
UK and J. Williamson, Consultant, UK
2.1 Introduction ........................................... 18
2.2 Background ............................................. 19
2.3 Risk assessment ........................................ 20
2.4 Fired heaters .......................................... 23
2.5 Reactor vessels ........................................ 30
2.6 Pipework ............................................... 36
2.7 Heat exchangers ........................................ 40
2.8 High-temperature hydrogen attack ....................... 43
2.9 Conclusions ............................................ 45
2.10 Acknowledgements ....................................... 45
2.11 References ............................................. 45
3 The use of spot hydrogen flux measurements in assessing
corrosion and crack risk in refinery applications ........... 47
F. Dean, Ion Science Ltd, UK
3.1 Introduction ........................................... 47
3.2 Scenarios leading to hydrogen permeation and
detection .............................................. 47
3.3 Measurement of hydrogen activity based on flux
measurement ............................................ 50
3.4 References ............................................. 56
4 Degradation of carbon steel under the influence of sulfur
in a refinery furnace - remaining life prediction ........... 57
J. Hucińska, Gdansk University of Technology, Poland
4.1 Introduction ........................................... 57
4.2 Material and service conditions ........................ 57
4.3 In-service examinations ................................ 58
4.4 After-service examinations ............................. 59
4.5 Conclusions ............................................ 60
4.6 References ............................................. 63
5 Troubleshooting corrosion problems in HF alkylation units ... 64
M. Roche, Total S.A., France, C. Grenet and M. Richez,
Total France
5.1 Introduction ........................................... 64
5.2 Corrosion problems in HF alkylation units .............. 64
5.3 Leak prevention in an HF alkylation unit ............... 69
5.4 Protective coatings tests .............................. 70
5.5 Conclusions ............................................ 71
5.6 References ............................................. 72
6 Corrosion in the overhead system of a sour water stripper ... 73
O. Forsén and J. Aromaa, Helsinki University of
Technology, Finland; T. Hakonen and K. Rintamäki,
Neste Oy, Finland
6.1 Introduction ........................................... 73
6.2 Experimental procedures ................................ 75
6.3 Test results ........................................... 76
6.4 Discussion ............................................. 77
6.5 References ............................................. 78
7 Corrosion of aboveground storage tanks for petroleum
distillates and choice of coating systems for their
protection from corrosion ................................... 79
A. Groysman, Oil Refineries Ltd, Israel
7.1 Introduction ........................................... 79
7.2 Experimental procedures ................................ 79
7.3 Calculations ........................................... 80
7.4 Results and discussion ................................. 80
7.5 Examination and choice of coating systems for the
protection of the AST from corrosion ................... 83
7.6 Conclusions and recommendations ........................ 84
7.7 References ............................................. 85
8 The use of coatings to prevent corrosion in process
vessels operating at elevated temperatures and pressures .... 86
A.D. Gaskin, Belzona Inc., USA
8.1 Conventional materials of construction and their
limitations ............................................ 86
8.2 Characteristics and limitations of traditional
coating systems ........................................ 87
8.3 Development of high-temperature-resistant coatings ..... 90
8.4 Practical application of the developed coating system .. 93
8.5 Conclusions ............................................ 94
9 The Field Signature Method (FSM) of corrosion monitoring .... 95
H. Horn, Corr Ocean ASA, Norway and D. Morton, iicorr Ltd,
UK
9.1 Introduction ........................................... 95
9.2 The FSM technology ..................................... 95
9.3 The FSM principle ...................................... 95
9.4 FSM equipment .......................................... 97
9.5 Case studies ........................................... 98
10 Disbonding test methodology: Definition of representative
test conditions - results of an industry joint research
programme .................................................. 100
L. Coudreuse, CLI, France; B. Cadilhac, Total, France;
C. Dumontier, CMP, France; R. Koers, Shell, The
Netherlands; G. Riccardi, Nuovo Pignone, Italy;
M. Roche, Total S.A. France; F. Ropital, IFP, France
10.1 Introduction .......................................... 100
10.2 Background ............................................ 100
10.3 The disbonding phenomenon ............................. 101
10.4 Numerical simulation of hydrogen profiles ............. 101
10.5 Experimental approach ................................. 104
10.6 Conclusions - definition of representative test
conditions ............................................ 106
10.7 References ............................................ 106
Index ......................................................... 107
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