Foreword ..................................................... xvii
Preface ....................................................... xix
Acknowledgments ............................................. xxiii
Authors ....................................................... xxv
1 Ultra-Realistic Imaging and Its Historical Origin in
Display Holography ......................................... 1
1.1 Ultra-Realistic Imaging and Interferential Techniques ...... 1
1.2 Before Holography .......................................... 2
1.3 Early Holography ........................................... 3
1.4 Display Holography Milestones .............................. 5
1.4.1 Full-Parallax Transmission Holograms ................ 6
1.4.2 Pulsed Holographic Portraits ....................... 14
1.4.3 Steven Benton's Rainbow Hologram ................... 18
1.4.4 Circular Transmission Holograms .................... 24
1.4.5 Achromatic or Black-and-White Holograms ............ 24
1.4.6 Monochrome Reflection Holograms .................... 26
1.4.7 Pseudo-Colour Reflection Holograms ................. 31
1.4.8 Holographic Movie Films ............................ 33
1.4.9 Multiplex and Stereographic Holograms .............. 34
1.5 Digital and Analogue Full-Colour Holography ............... 37
References ................................................ 37
2 Lippmann Photography ...................................... 41
2.1 Brief History of Interferential Colour Recordings ......... 41
2.2 Examples of Interferential Structures in Nature ........... 42
2.3 Lippmann Photography ...................................... 43
2.4 Theory of the Lippmann Process ............................ 46
2.4.1 Treatment of Monochromatic Recording ............... 46
2.4.2 Treatment of Monochromatic Replay .................. 46
2.4.3 Treatment of Polychromatic Recording ............... 47
2.4.4 Treatment of Polychromatic Replay .................. 48
2.5 Early Lippmann Emulsions .................................. 49
2.5.1 Auguste (1862-1954) and Louis Lumiere (1864-1948) .. 49
2.5.2 Richard Neuhauss (1855-1915) ....................... 50
2.5.3 Hans Lehmann (1875-1917) ........................... 51
2.5.4 Edmond Rothé (1873-1942) ........................... 52
2.6 Recording of Early Lippmann Photographs ................... 53
2.6.1 Recording Equipment ................................ 53
2.6.2 Processing Lippmann Silver Halide Emulsions ........ 54
2.6.3 Viewing Lippmann Photographs ....................... 54
2.6.4 Early Investigations of Lippmann Emulsions ......... 56
2.6.5 Museum Collections of Lippmann Photographs ......... 57
2.7 Modern Lippmann Photography ............................... 57
2.7.1 Modern Lippmann Emulsions .......................... 58
2.7.2 Recording and Processing of Lippmann Photographs
Today .............................................. 58
2.7.3 Modern Lippmann Photographs Made with Different
Modern Materials ................................... 58
2.8 Concluding Remarks ........................................ 64
References ................................................ 65
3 Continuous Wave Lasers for Colour Holography .............. 71
3.1 Introduction .............................................. 71
3.2 Gas Lasers ................................................ 72
3.2.1 Helium-Neon Laser .................................. 72
3.2.2 Argon Ion Laser .................................... 73
3.2.3 Krypton Ion Laser .................................. 73
3.2.4 Helium-Cadmium Laser ............................... 74
3.2.5 Other Gas Lasers ................................... 75
3.3 Dye Lasers ................................................ 76
3.3.1 Liquid Dye Lasers .................................. 76
3.3.2 Solid-State Dye Lasers ............................. 77
3.4 Diode-Pumped Solid-State Lasers ........................... 77
3.4.1 Green Emission DPSS Lasers ......................... 78
3.4.2 Blue Emission DPSS Lasers .......................... 78
3.4.3 Red Emission DPSS Lasers ........................... 80
3.4.4 Yellow Emission DPSS Lasers ........................ 80
3.4.5 Orange Emission DPSS Lasers ........................ 80
3.4.6 Future DPSS Laser Technology ....................... 80
3.5 Semiconductor Diode Lasers ................................ 82
3.5.1 Introduction ....................................... 82
3.5.2 Operation and Construction ......................... 82
3.5.3 Mode Structure and Coherence ....................... 83
3.5.4 Operation at Single Longitudinal Mode .............. 83
3.5.5 Amplification ...................................... 84
3.5.6 Summary ............................................ 85
3.6 Fibre Lasers .............................................. 85
3.7 CW Laser Sources for Colour Holography Today .............. 85
References ................................................ 86
4 Recording Materials for Colour Holography ................. 89
4.1 Introduction .............................................. 89
4.1.1 Silver Halides ..................................... 89
4.1.2 Dichromated Gelatin ................................ 90
4.1.3 Photopolymers ...................................... 90
4.2 Holographic Recording ..................................... 90
4.2.1 Sensitivity of Photographic and Holographic
Materials .......................................... 93
4.3 Holographic Emulsions ..................................... 93
4.3.1 Demands on Recording Emulsion ...................... 93
4.3.2 Resolution of Holographic Image .................... 94
4.3.3 Image Resolution Determined by Recording Material .. 95
4.4 Problems due to Short or Long Exposure .................... 96
4.4.1 Pulsed Holography .................................. 96
4.4.2 Reciprocity Failure ................................ 97
4.4.3 Holographic Reciprocity Failure .................... 99
4.5 Increasing Sensitivity by Hypersensitisation and
Latensification .......................................... 100
4.5.1 Hypersensitisation ................................ 100
4.5.2 Latensification ................................... 100
4.5.3 Internal Latensification .......................... 101
4.6 Substrates for Holographic Emulsions ..................... 102
4.6.1 Glass Plates ...................................... 103
4.6.2 Film Substrates ................................... 103
4.7 Commercial Recording Materials for Colour Holography ..... 104
4.7.1 Manufacturing Companies ........................... 104
4.8 SilverCross Emulsion Research Project .................... 105
4.8.1 Precipitation Stage ............................... 106
4.8.2 Washing Stage ..................................... 107
4.8.3 Coating Stage ..................................... 108
4.9 Additional Silver Halide Materials for Holography ........ 109
4.10 DCG Materials ............................................ 110
4.10.1 Preparing Gelatin Plates .......................... 110
4.10.2 Sensitising the DCG Emulsion ...................... 110
4.10.3 Exposure .......................................... 11l
4.10.4 Pulsed Laser Exposure of DCG ...................... 11l
4.10.5 DCG Processing .................................... 1ll
4.10.6 Panchromatic DCG Emulsions ........................ 112
4.10.7 Commercial DCG Materials .......................... 115
4.11 Photopolymer Materials ................................... 115
4.11.1 Recording Photopolymer Holograms with Pulsed
Lasers ............................................ 116
4.11.2 Panchromatic Photopolymers ........................ 117
4.11.3 Commercial Photopolymer Materials ................. 118
References ............................................... 119
5 Analogue Colour Holography ............................... 123
5.1 Introduction ............................................. 123
5.2 Origins in Monochromatic Holography ...................... 124
5.3 History of True Full-Colour Holography ................... 126
5.3.1 Silver Halide-Sensitised Gelatin Technique ........ 128
5.3.2 Colour Holograms in Single-Layer Silver Halide
Emulsions ......................................... 132
5.4 Colour Recording in Holography ........................... 134
5.4.1 Colour Theory and Colour Measurements ............. 134
5.4.2 Selection of Laser Wavelengths .................... 137
5.4.3 Illumination of Colour Holograms .................. 142
5.4.4 Demands on Lasers Required ........................ 143
5.5 Setup for Recording Colour Holograms ..................... 143
5.5.1 Colour Transmission Holograms ..................... 143
5.5.2 Colour Reflection Holograms ....................... 143
5.5.3 Exposure of Colour Holograms ...................... 146
5.5.4 Processing Recorded Colour Holograms .............. 148
5.5.5 Sealing of Colour Holograms ....................... 149
5.5.6 Recorded and Evaluated Holograms .................. 150
5.6 Full-Colour Pulsed Portraiture ........................... 152
References ............................................... 153
6 Pulsed Lasers for Holography ............................. 157
6.1 Introduction ............................................. 157
6.2 Ruby Laser ............................................... 158
6.2.1 Practical Design of Ruby Lasers Suitable for
Holography ........................................ 160
6.2.2 Pulse Lengthening in the Ruby Laser ............... 161
6.3 Flashlamp-Pumped Lasers Based on Crystals Doped with
Neodymium at 1 μm ....................................... 162
6.3.1 Nd:YAG ............................................ 163
6.3.2 Nd:YAP and Nd:YLF ................................. 164
6.3.3 Nd:Glass .......................................... 164
6.3.4 Nd3+-Doped Ceramic YAG ............................ 165
6.3.5 Design of Commercial Neodymium Holography Lasers .. 165
6.3.6 Towards Even Higher Energy ........................ 170
6.3.7 Applications ...................................... 171
6.4 High-Energy Two-Colour Emission: Stimulated Raman
Amplification ............................................ 172
6.4.1 SRS Red-Green Pulsed Laser ........................ 173
6.5 Pulsed RGB Lasers—Neodymium Lasers at 1.3 μm ............. 176
6.5.1 Dual-Ring Cavity Pulsed RGB Nd:YLF/Nd:YAG Laser ... 177
6.5.2 Dual Linear-Cavity Pulsed RGB Nd:YAG Laser ........ 179
6.5.3 Short-Cavity Pulsed RGB Lasers .................... 183
6.5.4 Amplification at 1.3 μm: Higher Energy Emissions
in the Red and Blue ............................... 187
6.6 Pulsed Holography Lasers Based on Titanium Sapphire
(Ti:Al2O3) and CnLiSAF ................................... 187
6.7 Chromium Forsterite ...................................... 189
6.7.1 Injection Seeding ................................. 190
6.8 Pulsed Diode-Pumped Lasers for Holography and the
Future ................................................... 191
References ............................................... 193
7 Digital Colour Holography ................................ 197
7.1 Introduction ............................................. 197
7.2 Holographic Stereograms .................................. 197
7.3 One-Step Digital Holograms ............................... 198
7.4 A Simple DWDH Printer .................................... 199
7.4.1 Optical Scheme .................................... 199
7.4.2 Speckle Blur ...................................... 200
7.4.3 Operation ......................................... 200
7.4.4 Image Data ........................................ 201
7.4.5 Deficiencies ...................................... 201
7.5 Modern DWDH Printers ..................................... 202
7.5.1 Use of Pulsed Lasers .............................. 202
7.5.2 Lens-Based Printers ............................... 203
7.5.3 Speckle in Lens-Based Printers .................... 205
7.5.4 Triple-Beam Printers .............................. 205
7.5.5 Printers Based on Liquid Crystal on Silicon
Displays .......................................... 216
7.5.6 Printers Incorporating Variable Reference Beam
Systems ........................................... 217
7.5.7 HPO Printers ...................................... 219
7.5.8 Single-Beam RGB Printers .......................... 223
7.5.9 Ultra-Realistic Printers .......................... 226
7.5.10 DWDH Transmission Hologram Printers ............... 228
7.6 MWDH Printers ............................................ 230
7.7 Copying Full-Colour DWDH Holograms ....................... 232
References ............................................... 234
8 Digital Holographic Printing: Data Preparation, Theory
and Algorithms ........................................... 237
8.1 Introduction ............................................. 237
8.2 Basic Considerations ..................................... 237
8.3 Coordinate Systems ....................................... 238
8.4 Coordinate Meshes ........................................ 241
8.5 Independent Primary Colours .............................. 242
8.6 Viewing Plane ............................................ 242
8.7 Simple Cases ............................................. 243
8.7.1 Full-Parallax DWDH "Denisyuk" Reflection
Hologram .......................................... 243
8.7.2 MWDH Master Hologram .............................. 245
8.8 Image-Planed DWDH HPO Holograms .......................... 245
8.8.1 Printer, Camera and Viewing Window Options ........ 247
8.8.2 General Rectangular Viewing Window ................ 248
8.8.3 Centred Camera Configuration ...................... 256
8.8.4 Centred SLM Configuration ......................... 260
8.8.5 Fundamental Integer Constraints ................... 263
8.9 Rainbow and Achromatic Transmission Holograms ............ 268
8.9.1 MWDH .............................................. 268
8.9.2 MWDH Achromats .................................... 276
8.9.3 DWDH .............................................. 276
8.10 Correcting for Inherent Distortion in Printer Optical
Objectives ............................................... 283
8.10.1 Setting up the Formalism .......................... 283
8.10.2 Data Predistortion ................................ 285
8.10.3 Non-Paraxial I-to-S Transformations ............... 288
References ............................................... 292
9 Digital Holographic Printing: Computational Methods
for Full-Parallax Holograms .............................. 293
9.1 Introduction ............................................. 293
9.2 Practical Strategies for Changing the Image Plane ........ 294
9.2.1 Camera Definition ................................. 295
9.2.2 Changing the Image Plane—Two-Step I-to-S
Transformations ................................... 296
9.2.3 General Full-Parallax Paraxial Objective
Transformations ................................... 298
9.2.4 Non-Paraxial Printer Objectives ................... 300
9.2.5 Larger Holograms .................................. 300
9.2.6 Rectangular Viewing Windows ....................... 301
9.3 Resolution Requirements of DWDH Reflection Holograms ..... 310
9.4 DWDH Transmission Holograms .............................. 311
9.5 MWDH Reflection Holograms ................................ 312
9.6 Full-Parallax and HPO DWDH ............................... 313
References ............................................... 315
10 Image Data Creation and Acquisition for Digital Display
Holograms ................................................ 317
10.1 Introduction ............................................. 317
10.2 Image Acquisition from a Physical Scene: HPO Holograms ... 317
10.2.1 Simple Translating Camera ......................... 318
10.2.2 Hybrid Translating/Rotating Camera with Fixed
Target ............................................ 319
10.2.3 Hybrid Translating/Rotating Camera with
Optimised Target .................................. 326
10.2.4 Resolution Requirements ........................... 330
10.2.5 Image Reduction and Magnification ................. 331
10.2.6 Commercial Holocam Systems ........................ 331
10.2.7 Alternative Strategies—Rotating the Object ........ 334
10.3 Image Acquisition from a Physical Scene: Full-Parallax
Digital Holograms ........................................ 339
10.3.1 Horizontal Rotating Platform with Vertically
Linear-Translating Camera ......................... 340
10.3.2 3D Structured-Light Scanners ...................... 346
10.4 Images Derived from a Virtual Computer Model: HPO
Holograms ................................................ 348
10.4.1 Data Preparation .................................. 348
10.4.2 Creating a 20 cm x 30 cm Landscape Hologram ....... 349
10.5 Images Derived from a Virtual Computer Model: Full-
Parallax Holograms ....................................... 357
10.5.1 Creating a MAXScript GUI .......................... 357
10.5.2 Function of Script ................................ 360
10.5.3 Global Variables .................................. 361
10.5.1 Writing the "Make Directories" Event Handler ...... 362
10.5.5 Writing the "Calculate" Event Handler ............. 363
10.5.6 Writing the "Make Camera" Event Handler ........... 364
10.5.7 Writing the "Start Render" Event Handler .......... 365
Reference ................................................ 368
11 Theoretical Basis for High-Fidelity Display Holograms .... 369
11.1 Introduction ............................................. 369
11.2 Three-Dimensional Paraxial Theory of the Thin
Transmission Hologram .................................... 370
11.2.1 Collimated Reference and Object Beams ............. 373
11.2.2 Source-Size Blurring .............................. 376
11.2.3 Chromatic Blurring ................................ 379
11.3 Laser Transmission Holograms and the Problem of Speckle .. 380
11.4 Three-Dimensional Theory of the Thick Transmission
Hologram ................................................. 381
11.4.1 Snell's Law at the Air-Hologram Boundary .......... 382
11.4.2 Blurring in the Ultra-Thick Transmission
Hologram .......................................... 383
11.5 Reflection Holograms ..................................... 384
11.6 A Simple Model of the Thick Hologram: Parallel Stacked
Mirrors .................................................. 386
11.7 Holograms of Finite Thickness ............................ 390
11.8 Emulsion Swelling and Change in Refractive Index on
Processing ............................................... 393
11.9 Non-Paraxial Behaviour and Digital Image Predistortion ... 394
11.10 Solving the Helmholtz Equation in Volume Gratings:
Coupled Wave Theory ...................................... 394
11.10.1 One-Dimensional Coupled Wave Theory .............. 394
11.10.2 Solution with Perfect Bragg Compliance ........... 395
11.10.3 Boundary Conditions .............................. 397
11.10.4 Power Conservation ............................... 398
11.10.5 Diffraction Efficiency ........................... 398
11.10.6 Small Departure from Bragg Condition ............. 399
11.10.7 Effect of Loss in the Dielectric ................. 413
11.10.8 Recording of Complex Wave Fronts and Multiple
Gratings ......................................... 414
11.10.9 Multiple Gratings Generated by Many Object
Points ........................................... 414
11.10.10 Recording Multiple Colour Gratings .............. 418
11.10.11 Dispersion Equation Theory ...................... 418
11.11 Blurring Revisited ...................................... 419
11.11.1 Blurring in the Digital Hologram ................. 420
11.12 Computational Methods of Calculating Diffractive
Efficiency of Planar Gratings ............................ 421
11.12.1 Rigorous Coupled Wave Theory and Rigorous Modal
Theory ........................................... 421
11.12.2 Rigorous Chain Matrix Method ..................... 421
References ............................................... 423
12 Diffraction Efficiency: An Alternative Approach Using
the PSM Model ............................................ 425
12.1 Introduction ............................................. 425
12.2 Formulation of the Simplest Model—The Unslanted
Reflection Grating at Normal Incidence ................... 425
12.2.1 Comparison with a Numerical Solution of the
Helmholtz Equation ............................... 429
12.3 Unslanted Multiple-Colour Gratings at Normal Incidence ... 430
12.3.1 Numerical Solution for Two-Colour Normal-
Incidence Reflection Gratings ..................... 431
12.3.2 Numerical Solution for Three-Colour Normal-
Incidence Reflection Gratings ..................... 433
12.4 Unslanted Reflection Grating at Oblique Incidence ........ 435
12.4.1 σ-Polarisation .................................... 435
12.4.2 π-Polarisation .................................... 438
12.4.1 Simplification of PSM Equations to Ordinary
Differential Equations ............................ 439
12.4.4 Analytic Solutions for Sinusoidal Gratings ........ 440
12.4.5 Multiple Colour Gratings .......................... 442
12.4.6 Comparison of Kogelnik's Theory with the PSM
Theory for Unslanted Gratings at Oblique
Incidence ......................................... 443
12.5 Slanted Reflection Gratings .............................. 445
12.5.1 Analytical Solutions for Single-Colour Gratings .. 446
12.6 Slanted Reflection Gratings in Three Dimensions .......... 448
12.7 Transmission Gratings with Slanted Fringes ............... 450
12.8 Comparison of the PSM Theory with Kogelnik's Theory
for Slanted Gratings ..................................... 450
12.9 Polychromatic Slanted Reflection Gratings ................ 451
12.10 Extending PSM to Describe Spatially Multiplexed
Monochromatic Gratings .................................. 451
12.11 Coupled Wave Theory, PSM and the Rigorous Coupled Wave
Theory .................................................. 455
12.12 Lippmann Photography .................................... 456
12.13 Discussion .............................................. 458
References ............................................... 459
13 Illumination of Colour Holograms ......................... 461
13.1 Introduction ............................................. 461
13.1.1 Chromatic and Source-Size Blurring ................ 461
13.1.2 Geometry Matching ................................. 464
13.1.3 Illumination of HPO Holograms ..................... 465
13.1.4 Illumination of Large Rainbow and Rainbow-
Achromatic Displays ............................... 467
13.2 Illumination of Holograms by Laser Sources ............... 467
13.2.1 Importance of Wavelength Matching ................. 469
13.2.2 Illumination of Full-Colour Transmission
Holograms ......................................... 469
13.2.3 Gas Lasers ........................................ 470
13.2.4 Semiconductor Laser Diodes and Solid-State CW
Lasers ............................................ 470
13.3 Non-Laser Light Sources Used for Hologram Illumination ... 471
13.3.1 Halogen Lights .................................... 472
13.3.2 Special Lamps ..................................... 473
13.3.3 Mercury Lamps ..................................... 473
13.3.4 Arc Lamps ......................................... 473
13.3.5 Plasma Lamps ...................................... 474
13.3.6 LEDs .............................................. 475
13.4 Exhibition Facilities and Galleries Suitable for
Displaying Holograms ..................................... 486
13.5 Edge-Lit Holograms ....................................... 489
13.6 Illumination of Large Displays ........................... 490
References ............................................... 491
14 Applications of Ultra-Realistic Holographic Imaging ...... 493
14.1 Introduction ............................................. 493
14.2 Some Scientific Applications of Holographic Imaging ...... 493
14.2.1 Bubble Chamber Holography ......................... 494
14.2.2 Holographic Microscopy ............................ 496
14.2.3 Holographic Endoscopy ............................. 497
14.3 Visual Applications of Full-Colour Holographic Imaging ... 499
14.3.1 Holographic Copies of Museum Artefacts ............ 499
14.3.2 Digital Display Holograms for Advertising and
Product Promotion ................................. 507
14.3.3 Digital Display Holograms for Mapping and
Architectural Design .............................. 511
14.3.4 Digital Holographic Colour Portraits .............. 512
14.3.5 Digital Art Holograms ............................. 515
14.3.6 Smaller Full-Colour Holograms ..................... 515
14.3.7 Holographic Fuel-Effect Electric Fires ............ 517
14.4 Future Applications ...................................... 517
14.4.1 Holographic Windows and Super-Realistic 3D
Static Displays ................................... 517
14.4.2 Updateable 3D Holographic Displays ................ 521
14.4.3 Real-Time 3D Display Technologies Based on
Holography ........................................ 522
14.4.4 Future Real-Time True Holographic Displays ........ 523
References ............................................... 525
15 Acronyms ................................................. 529
Appendix 1: Historical Origins of Display Holography:
Spreading Awareness ........................................... 537
A1.1 Hologram Exhibitions ..................................... 537
A1.2 Commercial and Educational Entities Involved in
Holography ............................................... 538
A1.2.1 Companies Producing Hoiograms ..................... 538
Al.2.2 Hologram Galleries ................................ 539
Al.2.3 Holographic Museums ............................... 540
Al.2.4 Educational Institutes ............................ 540
Appendix 2: History of the Geola Organisation ................. 541
A2.1 The Beginning ............................................ 541
A2.2 First Meeting in Vilnius ................................. 543
A2.3 Incorporation of Geola UAB ............................... 545
A2.4 First Romanian Exhibition of Large-Format Holography ..... 547
A2.5 Start of XYZ ............................................. 547
A2.6 Panchromatic Film and Sfera-S ............................ 549
A2.7 Vilnius Digital Printer .................................. 550
A2.8 Sale of XYZ .............................................. 552
Appendix 3: Active Cavity Length Stabilisation in Pulsed
Neodymium Lasers .............................................. 553
A3.1 Introduction ............................................. 553
A3.2 Example of Cavity Stabilisation System Using Heated
Rear Mirror Holder ....................................... 553
A3.3 Active Cavity Length Stabilisation by Piezo Element ...... 557
A3.3.1 Statistical Optimisation Algorithm ................ 558
A3.4 Extension to Other Lasers ................................ 559
References .................................................... 559
Appendix 4: Aberration Correction by Image Predistortion in
Digital Holograms ............................................. 561
A4.1 Introduction ............................................. 561
A4.2 Mathematical Model ....................................... 561
A4.3 Calculation of Optimal Reference Replay Angle ............ 562
A4.4 Compensation for Geometrical Distortion .................. 564
A4.5 Compensation for Chromatic Aberration .................... 566
A4.6 Other Corrections ........................................ 568
Reference ..................................................... 568
Appendix 5: MAXScript Holocam Program ......................... 569
Appendix 6: Design Study of Compact RGB LED Hologram
Illumination Source ........................................... 573
A6.1 Introduction ............................................ 573
A6.2 Monochromatic Light Source ............................... 574
A6.3 Polychromatic Light Source ............................... 575
A6.4 Design of the Main Lens Surface .......................... 577
A6.4.1 Monochromatic Light Source ........................ 577
A6.4.2 Mathematical Formulation .......................... 578
A6.4.3 Geometrical Ray Tracing in the Point-Source
Approximation ..................................... 580
A6.4.4 Ray Intersection with Target Plane ................ 581
A6.4.5 Calculation of Power Density Distribution at
Target Plane ...................................... 582
A6.4.6 Numerical Solution ................................ 583
A6.4.7 Ray Tracing with Finite Source Size ............... 583
A6.5 Selected Cases: Computational Results .................... 586
A6.5.1 Case 1 ............................................ 586
A6.5.2 Case 2 ............................................ 589
A6.5.3 Case 3 ............................................ 591
A6.6 Commercial Design of Nine-Diode Framing Light Source ..... 594
A6.7 Additional Considerations ................................ 595
A6.8 Reflective Light-Source .................................. 595
Appendix 7: Bilinear and Bicubic Interpolation ................ 597
A7.1 Introduction ............................................. 597
A7.2 Bilinear Interpolation ................................... 597
A7.3 Bicubic Interpolation .................................... 598
Appendix 8: Rigorous Coupled Wave Theory of Simple and
Multiplexed Gratings .......................................... 601
A8.1 Introduction ............................................. 601
A8.2 Derivation of RCW Equations .............................. 601
A8.3 Simplification in the Case of Simple Non-Multiplexed
Grating .................................................. 602
A8.4 Derivation of Boundary Conditions ........................ 602
A8.5 Numerical Solution of RCW Equations ...................... 603
A8.5.1 Comparison of Kogelnik's Theory and PSM Theory
with RCW Theory ................................... 604
A8.5.2 Comparison of N-PSM Theory with RCW Theory ........ 604
A8.5.3 Comparison of N-PSM with RCW Theory for
Multicolour Gratings .............................. 606
References ............................................... 608
Appendix 9: Recent Developments ............................... 609
A9.1 New Equipment, Materials, Techniques and Applications ... 609
A9.2 Progress at Zebra Imaging ................................ 610
A9.3 The Queen Elizabeth II Portrait and the Jersey Postage
Stamp .................................................... 612
A9.3.1 Achromatic Portrait of the Queen .................. 612
A9.3.2 Hologram Postage Stamp of the Queen ............... 612
A9.4 Lasers for Colour Holography ............................. 614
A9.4.1 New Lasers from Cobolt ............................ 614
A9.4.2 New Lasers from Coherent .......................... 614
A9.4.3 New Lasers from Laser Quantum ..................... 614
A9.4.4 Progress in RGB Laser Technology at Geola ......... 614
A9.5 Progress in Recording Materials and Recording
Techniques ............................................... 615
A9.5.1 Surface Plasmon Waves ............................. 615
A9.5.2 Anomalously High Pulsed Sensitivity of
Photoresist ....................................... 616
A9.6 Printers to Record Digital Colour Holograms .............. 616
A9.6.1 CGH Composite Reflection Hologram Printer ......... 616
A9.6.2 Pioneer's Compact Holographic Printer ............. 617
A9.7 3D Display Systems ....................................... 618
A9.7.1 HoloVizio from Holografika ........................ 618
A9.7.2 SeeReal Technologies' Holographic 3D Display ...... 618
A9.8 New Holography Camera from the Hellenic Institute of
Holography ............................................... 621
A9.9 HoloKit from Liti Holographies ........................... 621
References .................................................... 622
Index ......................................................... 623
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