Preface page ................................................. xiii
1 Introduction ................................................. l
1.1 High-frequency circuits in wireless, fiber-optic, and
imaging systems ......................................... 1
1.2 A brief history of high-frequency integrated circuits ... 2
1.3 What does the future hold? .............................. 9
1.4 The high-frequency 1С design engineer .................. 12
References .................................................. 13
2 High-frequency and high-data-rate communication systems ..... 14
2.1 Wireless and fiber-optic communication systems ......... 14
2.2 Radio transceivers ..................................... 15
2.3 Modulation techniques .................................. 16
2.4 Receiver architectures ................................. 24
2.5 Transmitter architectures .............................. 30
2.6 Receiver specification ................................. 35
2.7 Transmitter specification .............................. 48
2.8 Link budget ............................................ 50
2.9 Phased arrays .......................................... 52
2.10 Examples of other system applications .................. 62
Summary ..................................................... 72
Problems .................................................... 72
References .................................................. 75
3 High-frequency linear noisy network analysis ................ 77
3.1 Two-port and multi-port network parameters ............. 77
3.2 Noise .................................................. 91
3.3 Two-port and multi-port noise .......................... 99
3.4 Noise in circuits with negative feedback .............. 117
Summary .................................................... 138
Problems ................................................... 138
References ................................................. 140
4 High-frequency devices ..................................... 142
4.1 High-frequency active devices ......................... 142
4.2 The nanoscale MOSFET .................................. 164
4.3 The heterojunction bipolar transistor ................. 219
4.4 The high electron mobility transistor ................. 254
4.5 High-frequency passive components ..................... 274
Summary .................................................... 311
Problems ................................................... 312
References ................................................. 314
5 Circuit analysis techniques for high-frequency
integrated circuits ........................................ 318
5.1 Analog versus high-frequency circuit design ........... 318
5.2 Impedance matching .................................... 321
5.3 Tuned circuit topologies and analysis techniques ...... 335
5.4 Techniques to maximize bandwidth ...................... 342
5.5 Challenges in differential circuits at high
frequency ............................................. 356
5.6 Non-linear techniques ................................. 362
Summary .................................................... 366
Problems ................................................... 367
References ................................................. 372
6 Tuned power amplifier design ............................... 374
What is a tuned power amplifier? ........................... 374
6.1 Tuned PA fundamentals ................................. 375
6.2 Classes of tuned PAs and the associated voltage
waveforms ............................................. 377
6.3 Linear modulation of PAs .............................. 400
6.4 Class A PA design methodology ......................... 401
6.5 Non-idealities in PAs ................................. 406
6.6 Implementation examples of CMOS and SiGe HBT
mm-wave PAs ........................................... 407
6.7 Efficiency enhancement techniques ..................... 416
6.8 Power combining techniques ............................ 425
Summary .................................................... 432
Problems ................................................... 432
References ................................................. 436
7 Low-noise tuned amplifier design ........................... 439
7.1 LNA specification and figure of merit ................. 439
7.2 Design goals for tuned LNAs ........................... 441
7.3 Low-noise design philosophy and theory ................ 441
7.4 LNAs with inductive degeneration ...................... 449
7.5 Power-constrained CMOS LNA design ..................... 467
7.6 Low-current CMOS inverter LNAs ........................ 469
7.7 Low-voltage LNA topologies ............................ 471
7.8 Other LNA topologies .................................. 473
7.9 Differential LNA design methodology ................... 486
7.10 Process variation in tuned LNAs ....................... 486
7.11 Impact of temperature variation in tuned LNAs ......... 488
7.12 Low-noise bias networks for LNAs ...................... 488
7.13 MOSFET layout in LNAs ................................. 490
Summary .................................................... 491
Problems ................................................... 491
References ................................................. 501
8 Broadband low-noise and transimpedance amplifiers .......... 503
8.1 Low-noise broadband high-speed digital receivers ...... 503
8.2 Transimpedance amplifier specification ................ 507
8.3 Transimpedance amplifier design ....................... 510
8.4 Other broadband low-noise amplifier topologies ........ 535
8.5 DC offset compensation and VGA-TIA topologies ......... 540
Summary .................................................... 545
Problems ................................................... 545
References ................................................. 551
9 Mixers, switches, modulators, and other control circuits ... 553
What is a mixer? ........................................... 553
9.1 Mixer fundamentals .................................... 553
9.2 Mixer specification ................................... 566
9.3 Mixer topologies ...................................... 569
9.4 Design methodology for downconverters ................. 586
9.5 Upconverter mixer design methodology .................. 588
9.6 Examples of mm-wave Gilbert cell mixers ............... 589
9.7 Image-reject and single-sideband mixer topologies ..... 593
9.8 Mixer simulation ...................................... 600
9.9 Switches, phase shifters, and modulators .............. 600
9.10 Gilbert cell layout ................................... 613
Problems ................................................... 615
References ................................................. 618
10 Design of voltage-controlled oscillators ................... 621
What is an oscillator? ..................................... 621
10.1 VCO fundamentals ...................................... 621
10.2 Low-noise VCO topologies .............................. 638
10.1 VCO simulation techniques ............................. 665
10.4 VCO design methodology ................................ 671
10.5 Frequency scaling and technology porting of CMOS
VCOs .................................................. 675
10.6 VCO layout ............................................ 680
10.7 Mm-wave VCO examples .................................. 681
Summary .................................................... 686
Problems ................................................... 686
References ................................................. 696
11 High-speed digital logic ................................... 698
11.1 Systems using high-speed logic ........................ 699
11.2 High-speed digital logic families ..................... 705
11.3 Inductive peaking ..................................... 721
11.4 Inductive broadbanding ................................ 724
11.5 Design methodology for maximum data rate .............. 724
11.6 BiCMOS MOS-HBT logic .................................. 725
11.7 Pseudo-CML logic ...................................... 729
11.8 Other bipolar, MOS and BiCMOS CML, and ECL gates ...... 731
11.9 Dividers .............................................. 734
11.10 CML/ECL gate layout techniques ....................... 741
Summary .................................................... 747
Problems ................................................... 748
References ................................................. 753
12 High-speed digital output drivers with waveshape control ... 756
What is a high-speed digital output driver? ................ 756
12.1 Types of high-speed drivers ........................... 757
12.2 Driver specification and FoMs ......................... 757
12.3 Driver architecture and building blocks ............... 764
12.4 Output buffers ........................................ 765
12.5 Predriver ............................................. 781
12.6 Examples of distributed output drivers operating at
40Gb/s and beyond ...................................... 787
12.7 High-speed DACs ....................................... 795
Summary .................................................... 799
Problems ................................................... 799
References ................................................. 801
13 SoC examples ............................................... 803
What is a high-frequency SoC? .............................. 803
13.1 Design methodology for high-frequency SoCs ............ 803
13.2 Transceiver architectures, packaging, and self-test
for mm-wave radio, radar, and imaging sensors ......... 812
13.3 60GHz phased array in SiGe BiCMOS versus 65nm CMOS .... 820
13.4 77GHz 4-channel automotive radar transceiver in SiGe
HBT technology ........................................ 830
13.5 70-80GHz active imager in SiGe HBT technology ......... 835
13.6 150-168GHz active imaging transceiver with on-die
antennas in SiGe BiCMOS technology .................... 843
Summary .................................................... 846
Problems ................................................... 846
References ................................................. 848
Appendix 1 Trigonometric identities .......................... 851
Appendix 2 Baseband binary data formats and analysis ......... 852
Appendix 3 Linear matrix transformations ..................... 858
Appendix 4 Fourier series .................................... 861
Appendix 5 Exact noise analysis for a cascode amplifier
with inductive degeneration ....................... 862
Appendix 6 Noise analysis of the common-emitter amplifier
with transformer feedback ......................... 864
Appendix 7 Common-source amplifier with shunt-series
transformer feedback .............................. 866
Appendix 8 HiCUM level 0 model for a SiGe HBT ................ 868
Appendix 9 Technology parameters ............................. 869
Appendix 10 Analytical study of oscillator phase noise ........ 876
Appendix 11 Physical constants ................................ 890
Appendix 12 Letter frequency bands ............................ 891
Index ......................................................... 892
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