Preface ........................................................ xi
1 Hydrothermal Technology—Principles and Applications .......... 1
1.1 Introduction ............................................ 1
1.2 Definition .............................................. 3
1.3 Mineralizers ............................................ 9
1.4 Surfactants ............................................ 11
1.5 Natural Hydrothermal Systems ........................... 12
1.6 The Behavior of Volatiles and Other Incompatible
Components Under Hydrothermal Conditions ............... 14
1.7 Submarine Hydrothermal Systems ......................... 18
1.8 Hydrothermal Crystal Growth and Materials Processing ... 24
1.9 Statistics of Publications and Research in
Hydrothermal Technology ................................ 30
1.10 Hydrothermal Materials Processing ...................... 37
References .................................................. 41
2 History of Hydrothermal Technology .......................... 51
2.1 Introduction ........................................... 51
References .................................................. 70
3 Apparatus ................................................... 75
3.1 Introduction ........................................... 75
3.2 Selection of Autoclave and Autoclave Materials ......... 77
3.3 Liners ................................................. 81
3.4 Temperature and Pressure Measurements .................. 86
3.5 Autoclaves and Autoclave Designs ....................... 89
3.6 Safety and Maintenance of Autoclaves .................. 128
References ................................................. 130
4 Physical Chemistry of Hydrothermal Growth of Crystals ...... 139
4.1 Introduction .......................................... 139
4.2 Basic Principles of Phase Formation Under Hydrothermal
Conditions ............................................ 143
4.3 Solutions, Solubility, and Kinetics of
Crystallization ....................................... 146
4.4 Thermodynamic Principles of Solubility ................ 151
4.5 Kinetics of Crystallization Under Hydrothermal
Conditions ............................................ 158
4.6 Thermodynamic Calculations for the Intelligent
Engineering of Materials .............................. 165
References ................................................. 169
5 Hydrothermal Growth of Some Selected Crystals .............. 177
5.1 Quartz ................................................ 177
5.2 Growth of High-Quality (and Dislocation-Free) Quartz
Crystals .............................................. 183
5.3 Berlinite ............................................. 196
5.4 Gallium Phosphate ..................................... 214
5.5 Potassium Titanyl Phosphate ........................... 221
5.6 Potassium Titanyl Arsenate ............................ 232
5.7 Calcite ............................................... 235
5.8 Hydroxy apatite ....................................... 247
References ................................................. 256
6 Hydrothermal Synthesis and Growth of Zeolites .............. 269
6.1 Introduction .......................................... 269
6.2 Mineralogy of Zeolites ................................ 269
6.3 Crystal Chemistry of Zeolites ......................... 271
6.4 Comparison Between Natural and Synthetic Zeolites ..... 278
6.5 Synthesis of Zeolites ................................. 282
6.6 Crystal Growth ........................................ 311
6.7 Aluminophosphate Zeolites ............................. 316
6.8 Growth of Zeolite Thin Films and Crystals at
Inorganic - Organic Interfaces (Preparation of
Zeolite-Based Composites) ............................. 322
6.9 Applications of Zeolites .............................. 325
6.10 Oxidative Catalysis on Zeolites ....................... 333
References ................................................. 338
7 Hydrothermal Synthesis and Growth of Coordinated Complex
Crystals (Part I) .......................................... 349
7.1 Introduction .......................................... 349
7.2 Crystal Chemical Background ........................... 350
7.3 Rare Earth Silicates .................................. 357
7.4 Phase Formation of Rare Earth Silicates (in Aqueous
Solvents) ............................................. 358
7.5 Crystal Chemical Significance of Phase Formation ...... 365
7.6 Degree of Silification ................................ 385
7.7 Properties of Rare Earth Silicates .................... 386
7.8 Sodium Zirconium Silicates ............................ 388
7.9 Growth of Selected Silicates .......................... 392
7.10 Hydrothermal Growth of Lithium Silicates .............. 413
7.11 Hydrothermal Growth of Germanates ..................... 415
7.12 Properties of Germanates .............................. 433
7.13 Hydrothermal Growth of Phosphates ..................... 436
7.14 Hydrothermal Growth of Mixed Valent Metal Phosphates .. 451
7.15 Properties of Rare Earth and Mixed Valent Metal
Phosphates ............................................ 464
7.16 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Vanadates ................... 468
7.17 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Borates ..................... 476
References ................................................. 492
8 Hydrothermal Synthesis and Crystal Growth of Fluorides,
Sulfides, Tungstates, Molybdates, and Related Compounds
(Coordinated Complex Crystals, Part II) .................... 509
8.1 Introduction .......................................... 509
8.2 Fluorides ............................................. 509
8.3 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Transition Metal Fluorides .. 515
8.4 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Fluorocarbonates and
Fluorophosphates ...................................... 518
8.5 Oxyfluorinated Compounds .............................. 520
8.6 Physical Properties of Transition Metal Fluorides and
Fluorocarbonates/Fluorophosphates/Oxyfluorides ........ 521
8.7 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Tungstates .................. 524
8.8 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Molybdates .................. 533
8.9 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Titanates ................... 536
8.10 Hydrothermal Growth of Lithium Metagallate Crystals ... 546
8.11 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Sulfides .................... 547
8.12 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Selenides, Tellurides,
Niobates, and Tantalates .............................. 555
8.13 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Arsenates ................... 560
References ................................................. 561
9 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Native Elements and Simple
Oxides ..................................................... 569
9.1 Introduction .......................................... 569
9.2 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Native Elements ............. 569
9.3 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Hydroxides .................. 576
9.4 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Selected Oxides ............. 578
9.5 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Mixed Oxides ................ 595
References ................................................. 607
10 Hydrothermal Technology for Nanotechnology - A Technology
for Processing of Advanced Materials ....................... 615
10.1 Introduction .......................................... 615
10.2 Current Trends in Hydrothermal Technology ............. 616
10.3 New Concepts in Hydrothermal Technology ............... 617
10.4 Hydrothermal Processing of Fine Particles ............. 623
10.5 Hydrothermal Technology for Nanotechnology ............ 624
10.1 Hydrothermal Processing of Selected Advanced
Materials ............................................. 627
10.7 Hydrothermal Processing of Organic - Inorganic Hybrid
Nanoparticles ......................................... 681
10.8 Hydrothermal Processing of Bioceramics ................ 686
10.9 Hydrothermal Technology for the Twenty-First Century .. 726
10.10 Future Trends in Hydrothermal Research ............... 736
References ................................................. 737
Index ......................................................... 763
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