 | Koch A. Climate impact mitigation potential given by flight profile and aircraft optimization: Diss. … Dr.-Ing. / Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Lufttransportsysteme, Hamburg - Köln: DLR, 2013. - xii, 186 p.: ill. - (Forschungsbericht; 2013-37). - Res. also Germ. - Bibliogr.: p.175-186. - ISSN 1434-8454
|
Figures ....................................................... vii
Tables .......................................................... x
Abbreviations ................................................. xii
1 Introduction ................................................. 1
1.1 Motivation .............................................. 2
1.2 Problem Definition ...................................... 4
1.3 Review and Discussion of Existing Studies ............... 5
1.4 Goal and Scope of Thesis ............................... 13
2 Earth's Atmosphere and Climate Change ....................... 15
2.1 Earth's Atmosphere ..................................... 15
2.1.1 Chemical Composition and Vertical Structure ..... 16
2.1.2 Greenhouse Effect ............................... 18
2.1.3 Atmospheric Response to Anthropogenic
Perturbations ................................... 20
2.2 Climate Impact from Aviation ........................... 22
2.3 Climate Impact Metrics ................................. 30
3 Aircraft Design and Performance ............................. 35
3.1 Economic Perfomance .................................... 35
3.2 Fuel efficiency ........................................ 36
3.2.1 Aerodynamic Efficiency .......................... 38
3.2.2 Aircraft Weight ................................. 41
3.2.3 Propulsion Efficiency ........................... 45
3.3 Aircraft Emissions ..................................... 47
4 Modeling the Climate Impact of Air Traffic .................. 51
4.1 Integrated Design and Analysis Environment ............. 52
4.1.1 Distributed Analysis and Design Framework -
RCE/Chameleon ................................... 53
4.1.2 Central Data Model - CPACS ...................... 54
4.2 Multidisciplinary Simulation Workflow .................. 56
4.3 Disciplinary Models .................................... 58
4.3.1 Aircraft Design ................................. 58
4.3.2 Propulsion ...................................... 61
4.3.3 Route Network ................................... 64
4.3.4 Atmosphere ...................................... 65
4.3.5 Preliminary Mission Fuel Estimation ............. 65
4.3.6 Flight Trajectory Calculation ................... 67
4.3.7 Flight Envelope Protection ...................... 69
4.3.8 Operating Costs ................................. 71
4.3.9 Climate Impact .................................. 71
5 Climate Impact Mitigation Potential ......................... 81
5.1 Mitigation Strategies .................................. 81
5.2 Goal and Scope of Analysis ............................. 84
5.3 Evaluation Methodology ................................. 87
5.4 Reference Scenario ..................................... 90
5.4.1 Aircraft Model .................................. 90
5.4.2 Route Network ................................... 95
5.4.3 Vertical Flight Profile ......................... 96
5.4.4 Economic and Envrionmental Settings ............. 98
5.4.5 Climate Impact and Operating Costs for the
Reference Scenario .............................. 99
5.5 Flight Profile Optimization ........................... 103
5.5.1 Impact on Cash Operating Costs ................. 103
5.5.2 Impact on Average Temperature Response ......... 104
5.5.3 Trading Cost versus Climate Impact on Mission
Level .......................................... 106
5.5.4 Trading Cost versus Climate Impact on Fleet
Level .......................................... 107
5.5.5 Influence of Fuel Price Variations ............. 113
5.6 Aircraft Optimization ................................. 116
5.6.1 Derivation of Design Criteria .................. 117
5.6.2 Aircraft Optimization Process .................. 119
5.6.3 Optimized Aircraft Configuration ............... 123
5.6.4 Mitigation Potential for the Optimized
Aircraft ....................................... 126
6 Discussion of Results ...................................... 131
6.1 Aviation's Potential to Reduce Climate Impact ......... 131
6.2 Implications on Air Transportation System Level ....... 134
7 Summary and Outlook ........................................ 141
Appendices ................................................. 144
A Reference Scenario Settings ................................ 145
А.1. Reference Aircraft Model A330-200 ..................... 145
A.2. Route Network ......................................... 151
A.3. Vertical Flight Profile ............................... 153
A.4. Economic Scenario Settings ............................ 154
B Study results .............................................. 155
B.l. Reference scenario .................................... 155
B.2. Optimized Aircraft .................................... 157
C Model Interfaces ........................................... 163
D The DLR Project CATS ....................................... 173
Bibliography .................................................. 173
|
|
