Preface ....................................................... vii
1 The Basics ................................................... 1
1.1 Foreword: Welcome to Electronics! ....................... 1
1.2 Charge and Potential .................................... 2
1.3 Capacitors .............................................. 4
1.4 Electrical Current ...................................... 6
1.5 Resistors ............................................... 7
1.6 Magnetic Devices ....................................... 12
1.6.1 Magnetic Fields and Coils ....................... 12
1.6.2 Inductors ....................................... 14
1.7 Power .................................................. 15
1.8 Circuits ............................................... 16
1.8.1 Equivalent Resistances .......................... 16
1.8.2 Kirchhoff s Laws ................................ 18
1.8.3 Voltage Dividers ................................ 19
1.8.4 Multiloop Circuits .............................. 21
1.8.5 Transient Circuits .............................. 22
1.9 Abstractions and Symbol Jargon ......................... 27
1.10 Problems ............................................... 28
1.11 Lab Projects ........................................... 34
1.11.1 An Application of the Voltage Divider:
A Darkness Sensor ............................... 34
1.11.2 Delayed Switch .................................. 34
1.11.1 RC Circuit as an Integrator and Differentiator .. 35
1.11.4 Practicum Test .................................. 36
PART I DIGITAL ................................................ 37
2 Introduction to Digital Electronics ......................... 39
2.1 Number Systems ......................................... 41
2.1.1 Number-System Conversions ....................... 42
2.1.2 Arithmetic Operations ........................... 43
2.2 Codes .................................................. 44
2.3 Signed Numbers ......................................... 45
2.4 Binary Functions ....................................... 46
2.4.1 Fundamental Gates ............................... 46
2.4.2 Universal Gates ................................. 48
2.4.3 Specialty Gates ................................. 49
2.4.4 Utilitarian Gates ............................... 51
2.4.5 Matrix Representation ........................... 52
2.5 Logic Families ......................................... 54
2.6 IС Wirings ............................................. 56
2.7 Problems ............................................... 58
2.8 Lab Projects ........................................... 62
2.8.1 Serial Transmission of ASCII-Coded Characters ... 62
2.8.2 Practicum Test .................................. 64
3 Combinational Logic ......................................... 65
3.1 Boolean Algebra ........................................ 66
3.2 Theorems ............................................... 66
3.3 NAND-Gate Implementation ............................... 67
3.4 Representation of Boolean Functions .................... 68
3.4.1 Analytical ...................................... 68
3.4.2 Tabular ......................................... 68
3.4.3 Graphical ....................................... 69
3.5 Simplification of Functions ............................ 69
3.5.1 Algebraic ....................................... 69
3.5.2 Graphical ....................................... 70
3.6 Karnaugh Maps .......................................... 71
3.6.1 Minterms ........................................ 71
3.6.2 Two-Variable Map ................................ 72
3.6.3 Three-Variable Map .............................. 75
3.6.4 Four-Variable Map ............................... 76
3.6.5 Don't Care Conditions ........................... 77
3.7 More Than Four Variables ............................... 79
3.7.1 Three-Dimensional Karnaugh Maps ................. 79
3.7.2 Brute-Force Logic ............................... 79
3.8 Wrap-Up ................................................ 79
3.9 Wiring Digest: Open Collector/Drain Outputs ............ 79
3.10 Problems ............................................... 81
3.11 Lab Projects ........................................... 86
3.11.1 The TTL Half Adder: Design and Construction ..... 86
3.11.2 The Arithmetic Logical Unit ..................... 89
3.11.3 Practicum Test .................................. 89
4 Advanced Combinational Devices .............................. 91
4.1 Pragmatic Designing .................................... 91
4.2 Adders ................................................. 92
4.3 Decoders ............................................... 94
4.4 Demultiplexers ......................................... 98
4.5 Encoders ............................................... 99
4.6 Multiplexers .......................................... 100
4.7 Problems .............................................. 103
4.8 Lab Projects .......................................... 104
4.8.1 Multiplexing ................................... 104
5 Sequential Logic ........................................... 107
5.1 Definitions ........................................... 108
5.2 Flip-Flops ............................................ 109
5.3 D Flip-Flop ........................................... 111
5.4 Edge-Trigger .......................................... 112
5.5 JK and T Flip-Flops ................................... 114
5.6 Applications of Flip-Flops ............................ 115
5.6.1 Latch or Register .............................. 115
5.6.2 Frequency Divider .............................. 116
5.6.3 Switch Debouncers .............................. 116
5.6.4 Counters ....................................... 118
5.7 Shift Registers ....................................... 123
5.8 Multivibrators ........................................ 124
5.9 Memory ................................................ 125
5.9.1 Memory Cell .................................... 125
5.9.2 Memory ICs ..................................... 126
5.9.3 Memory Addressing .............................. 127
5.9.4 Memory Access .................................. 129
5.10 Epilogue to Digital: Digital .......................... 130
5.10.1 Application: Digital Input from Switches ....... 131
5.10.2 Application: Digital Output to Lights .......... 132
5.11 Problems .............................................. 134
5.12 Lab Projects .......................................... 141
5.12.1 Sequential Circuits ............................ 141
5.12.2 Memory Access .................................. 143
5.12.3 Practicum Test ................................. 145
PART II ANALOG ............................................... 147
6 AC Signals ................................................. 149
6.1 AC Circuits ........................................... 150
6.1.1 Representation of AC Signals ................... 150
6.1.2 Capacitor in an AC Circuit ..................... 153
6.1.3 Inductor in an AC Circuit ...................... 154
6.1.4 Complex Numbers ................................ 155
6.1.5 Redefinition of Reactances ..................... 157
6.1.6 Generalized Ohm's Law .......................... 158
6.1.7 Dissipated Power ............................... 159
6.1.8 Worked Example ................................. 160
6.2 Equivalent Circuits ................................... 162
6.2.1 Thevenin's Theorem ............................. 162
6.2.2 Norton's Theorem ............................... 162
6.3 Circuit Loading ....................................... 163
6.3.1 Maximizing Signal Transfer ..................... 164
6.3.2 Maximizing Power Transfer ...................... 164
6.4 Problems .............................................. 166
6.5 Lab Projects .......................................... 170
6.5.1 Circuits and Thevenin .......................... 170
6.5.2 AC Signals ..................................... 171
6.5.3 Diagnosing AC Signals .......................... 171
6.5.4 Impedance Matching ............................. 172
6.5.5 Practicum Test ................................. 173
7 Filters and the Frequency Domain ........................... 175
7.1 RC Filters ............................................ 176
7.2 High-Pass Filters ..................................... 177
7.3 Low-Pass Filter ....................................... 179
7.4 Cascading Filters ..................................... 180
7.5 Important Considerations for Filter Design ............ 183
7.5.1 f vs. ω ........................................ 183
7.5.2 Determining coc ................................ 183
7.6 Transformer ........................................... 183
7.7 Resonant Circuits and Band-Pass Filters ............... 184
7.8 Higher-Order Filters .................................. 187
7.9 Fourier Series ........................................ 188
7.10 Problems .............................................. 192
7.11 Lab Projects .......................................... 194
7.11.1 Filters ........................................ 195
7.11.2 Application: Audio Filter ...................... 196
7.11.3 Fourier Analysis ............................... 196
7.11.4 Practicum Test ................................. 198
8 Diodes ..................................................... 199
8.1 Physics of Semiconductors ............................. 200
8.1.1 Structure ...................................... 200
8.1.2 Energetics ..................................... 201
8.1.3 Compounds ...................................... 202
8.1.4 Doping ......................................... 202
8.1.5 The p-n Junction ............................... 204
10 Operational Amplifiers ..................................... 261
10.1 Negative Feedback ..................................... 262
10.2 Closed-Loop Circuits .................................. 265
10.2.1 Noninverting Amplifier ......................... 265
10.2.2 Follower ....................................... 266
10.2.3 Inverting Amplifier ............................ 268
10.2.4 Summing Amplifier .............................. 269
10.2.5 Differential Amplifier ......................... 270
10.2.6 Current Source ................................. 270
10.2.7 Current-to-Voltage Converter ................... 272
10.2.8 Integrator ..................................... 273
10.2.9 Differentiator ................................. 274
10.2.10 Impedance Transformer ......................... 275
10.2.11 Complex Feedback and the "Mystery Circuit" .... 276
10.2.12 Active Filters ................................ 276
10.2.13 Sample and Hold ............................... 278
10.2.14 Voltage Regulators ............................ 278
10.2.15 Feedback Digest ............................... 279
10.3 Open-Loop Circuits .................................... 280
10.3.1 Peak Detector .................................. 280
10.3.2 Comparator ..................................... 280
10.3.3 LM555 Timer .................................... 282
10.3.4 Relaxation Oscillators ......................... 284
10.4 Real Op-Amps .......................................... 285
10.4.1 Voltage Gain .................................. 285
10.4.2 Slew Rate ...................................... 286
10.4.3 Common-Mode Gain ............................... 287
10.4.4 Input Impedance ................................ 288
10.4.5 Output Impedance ............................... 288
10.4.6 Output Current ................................. 288
10.4.7 Input Bias Current ............................. 289
10.4.8 Input Offset Voltage ........................... 290
10.4.9 Power Supply Voltage ........................... 291
10.5 Problems .............................................. 291
10.6 Lab Projects .......................................... 295
10.6.1 The Inverting Amplifier ........................ 295
10.6.2 Noninverting Amplifier ......................... 296
10.6.3 Mystery Circuit ................................ 297
10.6.4 Servo and a Constant-Illumination Controller ... 297
10.6.5 Real Op-Amps ................................... 299
10.6.6 Practicum Test ................................. 301
11 Connecting Digital to Analog and to the World .............. 303
11.1 TTL Gates ............................................. 304
11.1.1 Totem-Pole Output .............................. 305
11.1.2 Modified Totem-Pole Output ..................... 306
11.1.3 Tristate Output ................................ 306
11.2 CMOS Gates ............................................ 307
11.3 Interfacing ........................................... 308
11.3.1 Analog Driving Digital ......................... 308
11.3.2 Digital Driving Analog ......................... 309
11.3.3 Analog-to-Digital Conversion ................... 310
11.4 Interfacing the World ................................. 314
11.5 Problems .............................................. 315
11.6 Lab Projects .......................................... 318
11.6.1 Stepper Motor .................................. 318
11.6.2 Connecting to the Analog World ................. 319
Appendix A Logic Board ........................................ 321
Appendix В If the Circuit Does Not Work ....................... 323
B.l Design ................................................ 323
B.2 The Obvious ........................................... 324
B.3 Placement ............................................. 324
B.4 Pins .................................................. 324
B.5 Breadboards ........................................... 324
B.5.1 Past the Obvious ............................... 324
B.5.2 Digital Circuits ............................... 324
B.5.3 Analog Circuits ................................ 325
B.6 Abusive Power ......................................... 325
B.7 Stuck ................................................. 325
B.8 Done! ................................................. 325
Appendix С Curve Tracer ....................................... 327
C.l I-V Curves for Diodes ................................. 327
C.2 I-V Curves for Transistors ............................ 328
Index ......................................................... 331
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