Illustrations ................................................ xiii
Tables ....................................................... xvii
Preface ....................................................... xix
1 Chinese Archaeology: Past, Present, and Future ............... I
The Formative Period (1920s—1940s) ........................... 2
Development of Archaeology in the Peoples Republic of China
(1950-Present) ............................................... 8
Interpretations ............................................. 16
International Collaborative Research in China ............... 19
Conclusions ................................................. 20
2 Environment and Ecology ..................................... 22
Geography ................................................... 22
River Systems ............................................... 26
Ecological Divisions ........................................ 29
Paleoclimate, Paleoenvironment, and Human Adaptations ....... 30
Conclusions ................................................. 41
3 Foragers and Collectors in the Pleistocene-Holocene
Transition (24,000-9000 cal. BP) ............................ 42
Environmental Conditions and Human Adaptations .............. 42
Research Questions and Terminology .......................... 44
Terminal Pleistocene Foragers in North China ................ 46
Early Holocene Collectors in North China .................... 51
Pleistocene Foragers in Central and South China ............. 58
Holocene Collectors in Central China ........................ 61
Summary ..................................................... 64
Origins of Pottery in China ................................. 64
Origins of Pottery in the Regional Context of East Asia ..... 68
The Emergence of Sedentism in China ......................... 70
Transitions in Other Regions of China ....................... 73
Conclusions ................................................. 74
4 Domestication of Plants and Animals ......................... 75
Domestication of Plants ..................................... 75
Domestication of Animals .................................... 96
Dynamics of Domestication .................................. 118
Conclusions ................................................ 121
5 Neolithization: Sedentism and Food Production in the
Early Neolithic (7000-5000 ВС) ............................. 123
Determining Sedentism and Subsistence Strategies ........... 126
Northeast and North China .................................. 127
The Yangzi River Region .................................... 152
South China ................................................ 160
Discussion ................................................. 162
Conclusions ................................................ 167
6 Emergence of Social Inequality — The Middle Neolithic
(5000-3000 ВС) ............................................. 169
The Liao River Valley ...................................... 172
The Yellow River Region .................................... 183
The Yangzi River Region .................................... 197
South China ................................................ 207
Conclusions ................................................ 210
7 Rise and Fall of Early Complex Societies: The Late
Neolithic (3000—2000 ВС) ................................... 213
The Yellow River Valley .................................... 216
Northeast China ............................................ 234
The Yangzi River Region .................................... 236
South and West China ....................................... 246
Conclusions ................................................ 250
8 Formation of Early States in the Central Plain: Erlitou
and Erligang (1900/1800-1250 ВС) ........................... 253
Approaches and Definitions ................................. 254
Search for the Xia Dynasty ................................. 259
The Erlitou Culture and Erlitou State ...................... 262
The Neighbors of the Erlitou State ......................... 274
The Erligang Culture and Erligang State .................... 278
Aftermath of the Erligang Expansion: The Middle Shang
Decentralization ........................................... 290
Conclusions ................................................ 294
9 Bronze Cultures of the Northern Frontiers and Beyond
during the Early Second Millennium ВС ...................... 297
Environmental Conditions and Cultural Background ........... 300
The Lower Xiajiadian Culture ............................... 302
The Zhukaigou Culture ...................................... 312
The Qijia Culture .......................................... 322
The Siba Culture ........................................... 333
The Early Bronze Age in East Xinjiang ...................... 337
Conclusions ................................................ 345
10 The Late Shang Dynasty and Its Neighbors (1250—1046 ВС) .... 350
Research Questions ......................................... 352
The Shang World ............................................ 353
Yinxu: Site of the Late Shang Capital City ................. 355
Shang and Its Neighbors .................................... 360
Discussion and Conclusions ................................. 389
11 Chinese Civilization in Comparative Perspective ............ 392
Interpreting Chineseness ................................... 392
Ancient China with Other Parts of the World ................ 394
Formation of Chinese Civilization and Cultural Identity .... 396
Rise and Fall of Complex Societies ......................... 397
Conclusions ................................................ 399
Appendix: Horse Bones in Fauna! Assemblages from Neolithic
and Early Bronze Age Sites in North China ..................... 401
Glossary ...................................................... 403
References .................................................... 413
Index ......................................................... 463
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