Springer handbook of lasers and optics / ed. by F.Träger. - 2nd ed. - Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer, 2012. - xxxii, 1694 p.: ill. (some col.). - ISBN 978-3-642-19408-5  Место хранения:   053 | Институт лазерной физики CO РАН | Новосибирск | Библиотека

Оглавление / Contents

List of Abbreviations ........................................ xxv Part A Basic Principles and Materials 1 The Properties of Light Richard F. Haglund ........................................... 3 1.1 Introduction and Historical Sketch ...................... 1.2 Parameterization of Light ............................... 6 1.3 Physical Models of Light ................................ 9 1.4 Thermal and Nonthermal Light Sources ................... 15 1.5 Physical Properties of Light ........................... 17 1.6 Statistical Properties of Light ........................ 2k 1.7 Characteristics and Applications of Nonclassical Light .................................................. 27 1.8 Summary ................................................ 30 References .................................................. 31 2 Geometrical Optics Norbert Lindlein, Gerd Leuchs ............................... 35 2.1 The Basics and Limitations of Geometrical Optics ....... 36 2.2 Paraxial Geometrical Optics ............................ 42 2.3 Stops and Pupils ....................................... 62 2.4 Ray Tracing ............................................ 64 2.5 Aberrations ............................................ 70 2.6 Some Important Optical Instruments ..................... 74 References .................................................. 86 3 Wave Optics Norbert Lindlein, Gerd Leuchs ............................... 89 3.1 Maxwell's Equations and the Wave Equation .............. 90 3.2 Polarization .......................................... 104 3.3 Interference .......................................... 110 3.4 Diffraction ........................................... 125 3.5 Gaussian Beams ........................................ 148 References ................................................. 159 4 Nonlinear Optics Aleksei Zheltikov, Anne L'Huillier, Ferenc Krausz .......... 161 4.1 Nonlinear Polarization and Nonlinear Susceptibilities Aleksei Zheltikov ..................................... 163 4.2 Wave Aspects of Nonlinear Optics Aleksei Zheltikov ..................................... 164 4.3 Second-Order Nonlinear Processes Aleksei Zheltikov ..................................... 165 4.4 Third-Order Nonlinear Processes Anne L'Huillier ....................................... 168 4.5 Ultrashort Light Pulses in a Resonant Two-Level Medium: Self-Induced Transparency and the Pulse Area Theorem Ferenc Krausz ......................................... 182 4.6 Let There Be White Light: Supercontinuum Generation ... 189 4.7 Nonlinear Raman Spectroscopy .......................... 198 4.8 Waveguide Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering ....... 206 4.9 Nonlinear Spectroscopy with Photonic-Crystal-Fiber Sources ............................................... 213 4.10 Surface Nonlinear Optics, Spectroscopy, and Imaging ... 221 4.11 High-Order Harmonic Generation ........................ 223 4.12 Attosecond Pulses: Measurement and Application ........ 231 References ................................................. 240 5 Optical Materials and Their Properties Matthias Brinkmann, Joseph Hayden, Martin Letz, Steffen Reichel, Carol Click, Wolfgang Mannstadt, Bianca Schreder, Silke Wolff, Simone Ritter, Mark J. Davis, Thomas E. Bauer, Hongwen Ren, Yun-Hsing Fan, Yvonne Menke, Shin-Tson Wu, Klaus Bonrad, Eckhard Krätzig, Karsten Buse, Roger A. Paquin .............................. 253 5.1 Interaction of Light with Optical Materials Martin Letz, Steffen Reichel, Matthias Brinkmann, Wolfgang Mannstadt .................................... 254 5.2 Optical Glass Silke Wolff ........................................... 285 5.3 Colored Glasses Simone Ritter ......................................... 294 5.4 Laser Glass Joseph Hayden ......................................... 297 5.5 Glass-Ceramics for Optical Applications Mark J. Davis ......................................... 304 5.6 Nonlinear Materials Bianca Schreder ....................................... 311 5.7 Plastic Optics Thomas E. Bauer ....................................... 321 5.8 Crystalline Optical Materials Matthias Brinkmann, Wolfgang Mannstadt ................ 327 5.9 Transparent Ceramics Yvonne Menke, Yun-Hsing Fan ........................... 332 5.10 Special Optical Materials Klaus Bonrad, Karsten Buse, Eckhard Krätzig, Roger A. Paquin, Hongwen Ren, Shin-Tson Wu, Wolfgang Mannstadt, Joseph Hayden, Yun-Hsing Fan ............... 344 5.11 Selected Data Martin Letz, Steffen Reichel, Carol Click, Matthias Brinkmann ............................................. 376 References ................................................. 382 6 Thin Film Optical Coatings Detlev Ristau, Henrik Ehlers ............................... 401 6.1 Theory of Optical Coatings ............................ 402 6.2 Production of Optical Coatings ........................ 406 6.3 Quality Parameters of Optical Coatings ................ 416 6.4 Summary and Outlook ................................... 420 References ................................................. 421 Part В Fabrication and Properties of Optical Components 7 Optical Design and Stray Light Concepts and Principles Robert P. Breault, Mary Turner ............................. 427 7.1 The Design Process .................................... 427 7.2 Design Parameters ..................................... 430 7.3 Stray Light Design Analysis ........................... 438 7.4 The Basic Equation of Radiation Transfer .............. 440 7.5 Conclusion ............................................ 444 Further Reading ............................................ 444 8 Advanced Optical Components Robert Brunner, Malte Hagemann, Steffen Reichel, Kiyoshi Asakawa, Enrico Geißler, Dietrich Martin, Bernhard Messerschmidt, Kazuo Ohtaka, Elisabeth Soergel, Matthias Brinkmann, Kuon Inoue ...................................... 447 8.1 Refractive Microoptics Robert Brunner ........................................ 447 8.2 Diffractive Optical Elements Robert Brunner ........................................ 454 8.3 Computer-Generated Holograms Malte Hagemann, Steffen Reichel, Matthias Brinkmann ... 462 8.4 Subwavelength Structured Elements Robert Brunner ........................................ 473 8.5 Electrooptic Modulators Enrico Geißler ........................................ 480 8.6 Acoustooptic Modulator Bernhard Messerschmidt ................................ 484 8.7 Gradient Index Optical Components Bernhard Messerschmidt ................................ 486 8.8 Variable Optical Components Dietrich Martin ....................................... 496 8.9 Periodically Poled Nonlinear Optical Components Elisabeth Soergel ..................................... 507 8.10 Photonic Crystals Kiyoshi Asakawa, Kazuo Ohtaka, Kuon Inoue ............. 511 References ................................................. 529 9 Optical Detectors Bernd Tabbert, Alexander Goushcha .......................... 543 9.1 Photodetector Types, Detection Regimes, and General Figures of Merit ...................................... 545 9.2 Semiconductor Photoconductors ......................... 550 9.3 Semiconductor Photodiodes ............................. 552 9.4 QWIP .................................................. 568 9.5 QDIP .................................................. 570 9.6 Metal-Semiconductor (Schottky Barrier) and Metal- Semiconductor-Metal Photodiodes ....................... 571 9.7 Detectors with Intrinsic Amplification ................ 573 9.8 Detectors with Intrinsic Amplification: Phototransistors ...................................... 580 9.9 Charge Transfer Detectors ............................. 582 9.10 Photoemissive Detectors ............................... 589 9.11 Thermal Detectors ..................................... 592 9.12 Imaging Systems ....................................... 598 9.13 Photography ........................................... 600 9.14 Recent Advances in Optical Detectors .................. 605 References ................................................. 614 Part С Coherent and Incoherent Light Sources 10 Incoherent Light Sources Dietrich Bertram, Matthias Born, Thomas Jüstel ............. 623 10.1 Incandescent Lamps ................................... 623 10.2 Gas Discharge Lamps .................................. 624 10.3 Solid-State Light Sources ............................ 632 10.4 General Light-Source Survey .......................... 639 References ................................................. 639 11 Lasers and Coherent Light Sources Orazio Svelto, Stefano Longhi, Giuseppe Delia Valle, Günter Huber, Stefan Kück, Markus Pollnau, Hartmut Hillmer, Thomas Kusserow, Rainer Engelbrecht, Frank Rohlfing, Jeffrey Kaiser, Ralf Malz, Gerd Marowsky, Klaus Mann, Peter Simon, Charles K. Rhodes, Frank J. Duarte, Annette Borsutzky, Johannes A. L'huillier, Markus W. Sigrist, Helen Wächter, Evgeny Saldin, Evgeny Schneidmiller, Mikhail Yurkov, Roland Sauerbrey, Joachim Hein, Michele Gianella, Jürgen Helmcke, Katsumi Midorikawa, Fritz Riehle, Steffen Steinberg, Hans Brand .... 641 11.1 Principles of Lasers Orazio Svelto, Stefano Longhi, Giuseppe Delia Valle .. 642 11.2 Solid-State Lasers Günter Huber, Stefan Kück, Markus Pollnau ............ 672 11.3 Semiconductor Lasers Hartmut Hillmer, Thomas Kusserow ..................... 757 11.4 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Lasers Hans Brand, Rainer Engelbrecht, Frank Rohlfing ....... 792 11.5 Ion Lasers Jeffrey Kaiser ....................................... 814 11.6 The HeNe Laser Ralf Malz, Steffen Steinberg ......................... 823 11.7 Ultraviolet Lasers: Excimers, Fluorine (F2), and Nitrogen (N2) Gerd Marowsky, Peter Simon, Klaus Mann, Charles K. Rhodes ............................................ 832 11.8 Dye Lasers Frank J. Duarte ...................................... 852 11.9 Optical Parametric Oscillators Annette Borsutzky, Johannes A. L'huillier ............ 863 11.10 Generation of Coherent Mid-Infrared Radiation by Difference-Frequency Mixing Markus W. Sigrist, Helen Wächter, Michele Gianella ............................................. 883 11.11 Free-Electron Lasers Evgeny Saldin, Evgeny Schneidmiller, Mikhail Yurkov ............................................... 902 11.12 X-ray and EUV Sources Katsumi Midorikawa ................................... 908 11.13 Generation of Ultrahigh Light Intensities and Relativistic Laser-Matter Interaction Roland Sauerbrey, Joachim Hein ....................... 916 11.14 Frequency Stabilization of Lasers Jürgen Helmcke, Fritz Riehle ......................... 931 12 Short and Ultrashort Laser Pulses Matthias Wollenhaupt, Andreas Assion, Thomas Baumert ...... 1047 12.1 Linear Properties of Ultrashort Light Pulses ........ 1048 12.2 Generation of Femtosecond Laser Pulses via Mode Locking ............................................. 1069 12.3 Measurement Techniques for Femtosecond Laser Pulses .............................................. 1072 References ................................................ 1089 Part D Selected Applications and Special Fields 13 Optical and Spectroscopic Techniques Sune Svanberg, Wolfgang Demtroder ........................ 1097 13.1 Stationary Methods Wolfgang Demtroder ................................. 1097 13.2 Time-Resolved Methods Wolfgang Demtroder ................................. 1125 13.3 Lidar Sune Svanberg ...................................... 1146 References ............................................... 1163 14 Optical Fibers Ajoy Ghatak, K. Thyagarajan .............................. 1171 14.1 Some Historical Remarks ............................ 1171 14.2 The Optical Fiber .................................. 1172 14.3 Attenuation in Optical Fibers ...................... 1173 14.4 Modes of a Step-Index Fiber ........................ 1174 14.5 Single-Mode Fibers ................................. 1177 14.6 Ray Analysis of a Multimode Optical Fiber .......... 1178 14.7 Pulse Dispersion in Optical Fibers ................. 1180 14.8 Fiber Gratings ..................................... 1187 14.9 Fiber Optic Couplers ............................... 1192 14.10 Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) ................ 1195 14.11 Raman Fiber Amplifier (RFA) ........................ 1199 14.12 Nonlinear Effects in Optical Fibers ................ 1201 14.13 Microstructured Fibers ............................. 1206 References ............................................... 1207 15 Integrated Optics Reinhard März, Christoph Wächter ......................... 1209 15.1 Introduction ....................................... 1210 15.2 Waveguide Theory ................................... 1212 15.3 Building Blocks of Integrated Optics ............... 1224 15.4 Integrated Optical Circuits ........................ 1235 15.5 Integrated Optical Technology Platforms ............ 1241 References ............................................... 1248 16 Interferometry Michael Totzeck .......................................... 1255 16.1 Interference of Light .............................. 1255 16.2 Types of Interferometers ........................... 1259 16.3 Quantitative Phase Measurement ..................... 1273 References ............................................... 1282 17 Frequency Combs Theodor W. Hänsch, Nathalie Picqué ....................... 1285 17.1 The Frequency Comb Principle ....................... 1285 17.2 Frequency Comb Generator Technology ................ 1287 17.3 Applications of Frequency Combs .................... 1292 17.4 Conclusion ......................................... 1300 References ............................................... 1300 18 Quantum Optics Gerard Milburn ........................................... 1305 18.1 Quantum Fields ..................................... 1305 18.2 States of Light .................................... 1307 18.3 Measurement ........................................ 1310 18.4 Dissipation and Noise .............................. 1313 18.5 Ion Traps .......................................... 1318 18.6 Quantum Optomechanics .............................. 1322 18.7 Quantum Communication and Computation .............. 1324 References ............................................... 1331 19 Nanooptics Motoichi Ohtsu ........................................... 1335 19.1 Basics ............................................. 1335 19.2 Principles of Nanophotonics ........................ 1336 19.3 Nanophotonic Devices ............................... 1338 19.4 Nanophotonic Fabrication ........................... 1344 19.5 Nanophotonic Energy Conversion ..................... 1350 19.6 Hierarchy in Nanophotonics and Its Applications .... 1353 19.7 Industrial Applications of Nanophotonics ........... 1354 19.8 Summary ............................................ 1355 References ............................................... 1355 20 Optics Far Beyond the Diffraction Limit Christoph Cremer ......................................... 1359 20.1 Basic Principles ................................... 1361 20.2 Nanoscale Imaging Applications ..................... 1384 References ............................................... 1393 21 Ultrafast THz Photonics and Applications Daniel R. Grischkowsky ................................... 1399 21.1 Guided-Wave THz Photonics .......................... 1401 21.2 Freely Propagating Wave THz Photonics .............. 1416 References ............................................... 1452 22 X-Ray Optics Christian G. Schroer, Bruno Lengeier ..................... 1461 22.1 Interaction of X-rays with Matter .................. 1462 22.2 X-ray Optical Components ........................... 1464 22.3 Characterizing X-ray Nanobeams ..................... 1471 References ............................................... 1472 23 Radiation and Optics in the Atmosphere Ulrich Platt, Klaus Pfeilsticker, Michael Vollmer ........ 1475 23.1 Radiation Transport in the Earth's Atmosphere Ulrich Platt, Klaus Pfeilsticker ................... 1476 23.2 The Radiation Transport Equation ................... 1480 23.3 Aerosols and Clouds ................................ 1482 23.4 Radiation and Climate .............................. 1484 23.5 Applied Radiation Transport: Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Properties ............................. 1487 23.6 Overview of Optical Phenomena in the Atmosphere Michael Vollmer .................................... 1493 23.7 Characteristics of Light Scattering by Molecules and Particles for Atmospheric Optics ............... 1493 23.8 Pure Air and Clear Sky Phenomena ................... 1496 23.9 Phenomena Due to Hydrometeors ...................... 1498 23.10 Phenomena Due to Ice Crystals: Halos .............. 1503 23.11 Sun and Sky ....................................... 1505 23.12 Clouds, Visibility, and Miscellaneous ............. 1508 References ............................................... 1510 24 Holography and Optical Storage Mirco Imlau, Martin Fally, Geoffrey W. Burr, Glenn T. Sincerbox ................................................ 1519 24.1 Introduction and History Martin Fally ....................................... 1520 24.2 Principles of Holography Geoffrey W. Burr ................................... 1521 24.3 Applications of Holography Geoffrey W. Burr ................................... 1531 24.4 Summary and Outlook Geoffrey W. Burr ................................... 1538 24.5 Optical Data Storage Mirco Imlau, Glenn T. Sincerbox .................... 1538 24.6 Approaches to Increased Areal Density .............. 1540 24.7 Volumetric Optical Recording ....................... 1543 24.8 Conclusion ......................................... 1555 References ............................................... 1556 25 Laser Safety Hans-Dieter Reidenbach ................................... 1569 25.1 Historical Remarks ................................. 1570 25.2 Biological Interactions and Effects ................ 1571 25.3 Maximum Permissible Exposure ....................... 1578 25.4 International Standards and Regulations ............ 1588 25.5 Laser Hazard Categories and Laser Classes .......... 1589 25.6 Protective Measures ................................ 1591 25.7 Special Recommendations ............................ 1597 References ............................................... 1598 Acknowledgements ............................................. 1601 About the Authors ............................................ 1603 Detailed Contents ............................................ 1623 Subject Index ................................................ 1645