List of contributors ........................................ xi
Preface ..................................................... xv
Part I Nanostructure design and structural properties of
epitaxially grown quantum dots and nanowires .................... 1
1 Growth of III-V semiconductor quantum dots
C. Schneider, S. Höfling and A. Forchel ...................... 3
1.1 Introduction ............................................ 3
1.2 Properties of semiconductor quantum dots ................ 4
1.3 Epitaxial growth of quantum dots on GaAs substrates ..... 6
1.4 Quantum dot growth on InP substrates ................... 17
1.5 Conclusion ............................................. 17
References .................................................. 18
2 Single semiconductor quantum dots in nanowires: growth,
optics, and devices
M.E. Reimer, N. Akopian, M. Barkelid, G. Bulgarini,
R. Heeres, M. Hocevar, B.J. Witek, E.P.A.M. Bakkers
and V. Zwiller .............................................. 21
2.1 Introduction ........................................... 21
2.2 Nanowire quantum dot growth ............................ 21
2.3 Optical properties of nanowire quantum dots ............ 25
2.4 Nanowire quantum dot devices ........................... 30
References .................................................. 37
3 Atomic-scale analysis of self-assembled quantum dots by
cross-sectional scanning, tunneling microscopy, and atom
probe tomography
J. G. Keizer and P. M. Koenraad ............................. 41
3.1 Introduction ........................................... 41
3.2 Specimen preparation ................................... 41
3.3 Quantum dot analysis by X-STM .......................... 42
3.4 Application to control of quantum dot formation ........ 45
3.5 Outlook: atom probe tomography ......................... 55
3.6 Conclusion ............................................. 58
References .................................................. 58
Part II Manipulation of individual quantum states in quantum
dots using optical techniques .................................. 61
4 Studies of the hole spin in self-assembled quantum dots
using optical techniques
B.D. Gerardot and R.J. Warburton ............................ 63
4.1 Self-assembled quantum dots as host for spin qubits .... 63
4.2 Motivating factors for hole spins ...................... 64
4.3 Spectroscopy of few-level systems ...................... 67
4.4 Hole spin sample design ................................ 69
4.5 Spin initialization, manipulation, and read-out ........ 73
4.6 Strength of the hole hyperfine interaction ............. 79
4.7 Summary and outlook .................................... 80
Acknowledgements ............................................ 80
References .................................................. 81
5 Resonance fluorescence from a single quantum dot
A.N. Vamivakas, C. Matthiesen, Y. Zhao, C.-Y. Lu and
M. Atatiire ................................................. 86
5.1 Introduction ........................................... 86
5.2 Resonance fluorescence from a two-level system ......... 87
5.3 Observation of resonance fluorescence .................. 89
5.4 Conclusion ............................................ 100
References ................................................. 101
6 Coherent control of quantum dot excitons using ultra-fast
optical techniques: the role of acoustic phonons
A.J. Ramsay and A.M. Fox ................................... 103
6.1 Introduction .......................................... 103
6.2 Experimental methods .................................. 106
6.3 Candidate mechanisms for the intensity damping ........ 109
6.4 Temperature-dependent measurements of Rabi
rotations ............................................. 110
6.5 Model of LA-phonon induced dephasing .................. 112
6.6 Comparison of experiment to model ..................... 114
6.7 Outlook ............................................... 115
Acknowledgements ........................................... 115
References ................................................. 115
7 Holes in quantum dot molecules: structure, symmetry, and
spin
M.F. Doty and J.I. Climente ................................ 118
7.1 Introduction .......................................... 118
7.2 Growth and spectroscopic characterization of QDMs ..... 119
7.3 Anticrossings and the formation of molecular states ... 120
7.4 Spin projections and Zeeman splitting ................. 122
7.5 Antibonding molecular ground states ................... 126
7.6 Hole-spin mixing ...................................... 128
7.7 Summary ............................................... 132
References ................................................. 132
Part III Optical properties of quantum dots in photonic
cavities and plasmon-coupled dots ............................. 135
8 Deterministic light-matter coupling with single quantum
dots
P. Senellart ............................................... 137
8.1 QDs in cavities: basics, motivation, first
demonstrations ........................................ 137
8.2 Determininistic coupling of a QD to a cavity .......... 138
8.3 An ultrabright source of entangled photon pairs ....... 144
8.4 Some perspectives ..................................... 149
References ................................................. 150
9 Quantum dots in photonic crystal cavities
A. Faraon, D. Englund, I. Fushman, A. Majumdar and
J. Vučković ................................................ 153
9.1 Introduction .......................................... 153
9.2 Quantum dots and photonic crystals .................... 154
9.3 Experimental techniques ............................... 157
9.4 Probing the strong-coupling regime .................... 161
9.5 Nonlinear optics at the single photon level ........... 163
9.6 Applications and future directions .................... 165
References ................................................. 166
10 Photon statistics in quantum dot micropillar emission
M. Aßmann and M. Bayer ..................................... 169
10.1 Introduction .......................................... 169
10.2 Theoretical background ................................ 169
10.3 Experimental approaches ............................... 174
10.4 Experimental results .................................. 176
10.5 Summary and outlook ................................... 182
References ................................................. 183
11 Nanoplasmonics with colloidal quantum dots
V.V. Temnov and U. Woggon .................................. 185
11.1 Introduction .......................................... 185
11.2 Optical and electronic properties of colloidal
semiconductor quantum dots ............................ 185
11.3 Surface plasmons in low-dimensional metallic
nanostructures ........................................ 188
11.4 Coupling of quantum dots to metal surfaces ............ 191
11.5 Practical application: QD-based all-optical
plasmonic modulator ................................... 196
11.6 Perspective: quantum optics with surface plasmons ..... 197
References ................................................. 197
Part IV Quantum dot nano-laboratory: magnetic ions and
nuclear spins in a dot ........................................ 203
12 Dynamics and optical control of an individual Mn spin
in a quantum dot
L. Besombes, C. Le Gall, H. Boukari and H. Mariette ........ 205
12.1 Introduction .......................................... 205
12.2 II-VI diluted magnetic semiconductor QDs .............. 206
12.3 Optical Mn spin orientation ........................... 208
12.4 Resonant optical pumping of a single Mn spin .......... 214
12.5 Conclusion ............................................ 218
References ................................................. 218
13 Optical spectroscopy of InAs/GaAs quantum dots doped with
a single Mn atom
O. Krebs and A. Lemaître ................................... 221
13.1 Introduction .......................................... 221
13.2 The Mn acceptor impurity A0 ........................... 222
13.3 Micro-photoluminescence setup in magnetic field ....... 223
13.4 Zero-field signature of Mn doping ..................... 224
13.5 Energy levels for trions in zero field ................ 225
13.6 Photoluminescence in a longitudinal magnetic field .... 227
13.7 Excitons versus trions ................................ 228
13.8 Coupling to dark states due to anisotropic exchange ... 230
13.9 Theoretical simulation of PL spectra .................. 232
13.10 Conclusion ........................................... 234
References ................................................. 235
14 Nuclear spin effects in quantum dot optics
B. Urbaszek, B. Eble, T. Amand and X. Marie ................ 237
14.1 Introduction .......................................... 237
14.2 Carrier spin decoherence .............................. 242
14.3 Dynamic nuclear polarization .......................... 246
14.4 Perspectives .......................................... 250
References ................................................. 251
Part V Electron transport in quantum dots fabricated by
lithographie techniques from III-V semiconductors and
graphene ...................................................... 253
15 Electrically controlling single spin coherence in
semiconductor nanostructures
Y. Dovzhenko, K. Wang, M.D. Schroer and J.R. Petta ......... 255
15.1 Introduction .......................................... 255
15.2 Sample fabrication .................................... 256
15.3 Measurement technology ................................ 258
15.4 Quantum control ....................................... 262
15.5 Outlook ............................................... 272
Acknowledgements ........................................... 273
References ................................................. 274
16 Theory of electron and nuclear spins in III-V
semiconductor and carbon-based dots
H. Ribeiro and G. Burkard .................................. 277
16.1 The magnetic hyperfine Hamiltonian .................... 277
16.2 Nuclear - nuclear interactions ........................ 280
16.3 Hyperfine interaction in semiconductor-based
quantum dots .......................................... 281
16.4 Hyperfine interaction in carbon-based quantum dots
References ............................................ 292
17 Graphene quantum dots: transport experiments and local
imaging
S. Schnez, J. Guettinger, F. Molitor, C. Stampfer,
M. Huefner, T. Ihn and K. Ensslin .......................... 296
17.1 Introduction .......................................... 296
17.2 Theoretical background ................................ 297
17.3 Transport experiments ................................. 303
17.4 Scanning-gate microscopy .............................. 308
17.5 Summary and outlook ................................... 312
References ................................................. 313
Part VI Single dots for future telecommunications
applications .................................................. 317
18 Electrically operated entangled light sources based on
quantum dots
R.M. Stevenson, A.J. Bennett and A.J. Shields .............. 319
18.1 Introduction .......................................... 319
18.2 Electrically driven entangled light generation ........ 322
18.3 Electrical control of entangled light ................. 326
18.4 Interaction of entangled exciton-photon states with
nuclei ................................................ 331
18.5 Conclusion ............................................ 337
References ................................................. 337
19 Deterministic single quantum dot cavities at
telecommunication wavelengths
D. Dalacu, K. Mnaymneh, J. Lapointe, G.C. Aers,
P.J. Poole, R.L. Williams and S. Hughes .................... 341
19.1 Introduction .......................................... 341
19.2 Directed self-assembly ................................ 342
19.3 Spectroscopy of site-controlled single quantum dots ... 345
19.4 Integration of site-controlled quantum dots and
cavities .............................................. 347
19.5 Conclusion ............................................ 352
References ............................................ 353
Index ................................................. 356
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