Preface ....................................................... xxi
PART I Inorganic Materials ...................................... l
1 Synthesis, Characterization, and Self-assembly of Colloidal
Quantum Dots ................................................. 3
Saim M. Emin, Alexandre Loukanov, Surya P. Singh,
Seiichiro Nakabayashi and Liyuan Han
1.1 Introduction ............................................ 3
1.2 Size-dependent Optical Properties of Quantum Dots ....... 4
1.2.1 Band Gap Energies ................................ 7
1.2.2 Absorption Spectra ............................... 9
1.3 Procedures for Synthesis of Colloidal Quantum Dots ..... 10
1.3.1 Synthesis of Quantum Dots in Reverse Micelles ... 10
1.3.2 Synthesis of Quantum Dots in Aqueous Media ...... 12
1.3.3 Hot-matrix Synthesis of Quantum Dots ............ 14
1.4 Types of Semiconductor Quantum Dots .................... 14
1.4.1 Binary Quantum Dots ............................. 15
1.4.2 Alloyed Quantum Dots ............................ 16
1.4.3 Core/shell Quantum Dots: "Type-I" ............... 17
1.4.4 Core/shell Quantum Dots: "Type-II" .............. 18
1.4.5 Quantum Dot/quantum Well Nanocrystals ........... 19
1.4.6 Transition-element-doped Quantum Dots ........... 21
1.5 Surface Functionalization of Quantum Dots .............. 23
1.5.1 Self-assembly of Colloidal Quantum Dots ......... 23
1.6 Conclusions ............................................ 28
References .................................................. 30
2 One-dimensional Semiconducting Metal Oxides: Synthesis,
Characterization and Gas Sensors Application ................ 39
Nguyen Duc Hoa
2.1 Introduction ........................................... 40
2.2 Synthesis of 1-D Metal Oxide ........................... 42
2.2.1 Vapor Phase Growth .............................. 42
2.2.2 Vapor-liquid-solid Mechanism .................... 43
2.2.3 Vapor Solid Mechanism ........................... 45
2.3 Solution Phase Growth .................................. 49
2.3.1 Template Assisted Synthesis ..................... 49
2.3.2 Template Free Synthesis ......................... 61
2.4 Gas Sensor Applications ................................ 63
2.4.1 Sn)2 NWs Based Gas Sensors ...................... 63
2.4.2 WO3 NWs Based Gas Sensors ....................... 68
2.4.3 ZnO NWs Based Gas Sensors ....................... 73
2.4.4 ТiO2 NWs Based Gas Sensor ....................... 74
2.4.5 CuO NWs Based Gas Sensors ....................... 76
2.4.6 In2O3 NWs Based Gas Sensors ..................... 79
2.5 Conclusions ............................................ 81
Acknowledgement ............................................. 81
References .................................................. 82
3 Rare-earth Based Insulating Nanocrystals: Improved
Luminescent Nanophosphors for Plasma Display Panels ......... 89
Prashant K. Sharma and Avinash C. Pandey
3.1 What is Plasma Display Panel? An Introduction and
Overview ............................................... 90
3.2 History of Plasma Display Panel ........................ 91
3.3 Working of Plasma Display Panel ........................ 93
3.3.1 Advantages of Plasma Display Panel .............. 96
3.3.2 Disadvantages of Plasma Display Panel ........... 97
3.4 Nanophosphors for Plasma Display Panel ................. 98
3.4.1 Blue Nanophosphors .............................. 99
3.5 Synthesis of BAM:Eu2+ Nanophosphors by Sol-gel
Method ................................................ 101
3.5.1 Chemicals Used ................................. 101
3.5.2 Methodology .................................... 101
3.5.3 Characterization of Prepared Nanophosphors ..... 101
3.5.4 Results and Discussion ......................... 102
3.6 Time Evolution Studies and Decay Time Determination ... 105
3.7 Synthesis of BAM:Eu2+ Nanophosphors by Solution
Combustion Method ..................................... 106
3.7.1 Chemicals Used ................................. 106
3.7.2 Methodology .................................... 106
3.7.3 Characterization of Prepared Nanophosphors ..... 107
3.7.4 Results and Discussion ......................... 107
3.8 Green Nanophosphors ................................... 113
3.8.1 Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Y3Al5O12:Tb3+
(YAG:Tb3+) Nanophosphors ....................... 113
3.8.2 Synthesis of Y3Al5O12:Tb3+ (YAG:Tb3+)
Nanophosphors by Sol-gel Method ................ 114
3.8.3 Chemicals Used ................................. 114
3.8.4 Methodology .................................... 114
3.8.5 Characterization of Prepared Y3Al5O12:Tb3+
(YAG:Tb3+) Nanophosphors ....................... 115
3.8.6 Results and Discussion ......................... 115
3.9 Terbium Doped Yttrium Ortho-borate (YBO3:Tb3+)
Nanophosphors ......................................... 118
3.9.1 Synthesis of Terbium Doped Yttrium
Ortho-borate (YBO3:Tb3+) Nanophosphors ......... 119
3.9.2 Chemicals Used ................................. 119
3.9.3 Methodology .................................... 120
3.9.4 Characterizations Used ......................... 120
3.9.5 Result and Discussion .......................... 120
3.10 Red Nanophosphors: Yttrium Aluminum Garnet
Y3Al5O12:Eu3+ (YAG:Eu3+) Nanophosphors ................. 125
3.10.1 Synthesis of Yttrium Aluminum Garnet
Y3Al5O12:Eu3+ (YAG:Eu3+) Nanophosphors
by Sol-gel Method .............................. 125
3.10.2 Chemicals Used ................................. 125
3.10.3 Methodology .................................... 126
3.10.4 Characterizations Used ......................... 126
3.10.5 Results and Discussion ......................... 127
3.11 Time Evolution Studies ................................ 132
3.12 Europium Doped Yttrium Ortho-borate (YBO3:Eu3+)
Nanophosphors ......................................... 132
3.12.1 Synthesis of Europium Doped Yttrium
Ortho-borate (YBO3:Eu3+) Nanophosphors by
Reverse Micelles Method ........................ 133
3.12.2 Chemicals Used ................................. 133
3.12.3 Synthesis of YBO3:Eu3+ Nanoparticles ........... 133
3.12.4 Characterizations Used ......................... 134
3.12.5 Results and Discussion ......................... 134
3.13 Europium Doped Yttrium Oxide (Y2O3:Eu3+)
Nanophosphors ......................................... 138
3.13.1 Synthesis of Europium Doped Yttrium Oxide
(Y2O3:Eu3+) Nanophosphors by Solution
Combustion Method .............................. 139
3.13.2 Chemicals Used ................................. 139
3.13.3 Methodology .................................... 139
3.13.4 Characterizations Used ......................... 140
3.13.5 Results and Discussion ......................... 140
3.14 Conclusions ........................................... 144
Acknowledgements ........................................... 145
References ................................................. 145
4 Amorphous Porous Mixed Oxides: A New and Highly Versatile
Class of Materials ......................................... 149
Sadanand Pandey & Shivani B. Mishra
4.1 Introduction .......................................... 150
4.2 Description of a Porous Solid Material ................ 150
4.2.1 Qualitative Description of a Porous Solid ...... 150
4.2.2 Origin of Pore Structures ...................... 151
4.2.3 Idealized Systems: Pore Shape and Size ......... 152
4.3 Sol-gel Method for the Production of Porous Oxides .... 154
4.3.1 Synthesis of micro and mesoporous materials .... 157
4.3.2 Template-assisted Synthesis .................... 158
4.4 Characterization of Porous Mixed Oxides ............... 161
4.5 Application of Porous Mixed Oxide ..................... 167
4.5.1 Catalysts ...................................... 167
4.5.2 Other Application of Porous Mixed Oxide ........ 171
4.6 Conclusions ........................................... 172
Acknowledgements ........................................... 174
References ................................................. 174
5 Zinc Oxide Nanostructures and their Applications ........... 183
Rizwan Wahab, I.H. Hwang, Hyung-Shik Shin, Young-Soon Kim,
Javed Musarrat and M.A. Siddiqui
5.1 Introduction .......................................... 184
5.2 Importance of Metal Oxides Nanostructures ............. 185
5.3 General Introduction of Antibacterial Activity ........ 185
5.4 Experimental .......................................... 187
5.4.1 Material Synthesis ............................. 187
5.4.2 Characterization of Synthesized Materials ...... 188
5.4.3 Antibacterial Activity of Zinc Oxide Micro-
flowers (ZnO-MFs) .............................. 189
5.5 Application of Grown Nanomaterials as an
Antibacterial Agent ................................... 189
5.5.1 Nanostructures of ZnO: Fabrication and
Characterization ............................... 189
5.5.2 Chemical Reaction Mechanism of Synthesized
Zinc Oxide Micro-flowers (ZnO-MFs) ............. 192
5.5.3 Antibacterial Activity of Synthesized
Zinc Oxide Micro-flowers (ZnO-MFs) ............. 194
5.5.4 Possible Mechanism ............................. 198
5.6 General Introduction of Cancer and the Role of
Nanobiotechnology ..................................... 200
5.6.1 Experimental ................................... 201
5.6.2 Materials Characterization ..................... 202
5.6.3 Cell Proliferation ............................. 202
5.7 Result and Discussion ................................. 202
5.7.1 X-ray Diffraction Pattern ...................... 202
5.7.2 Morphological or Structural Observation
of Fabricated Material ......................... 203
5.7.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy (ТЕМ)
Results ........................................ 203
5.7.4 FTIR Spectroscopy .............................. 204
5.7.5 Cell Viability via MTT Method and their
Observation .................................... 205
5.8 Conclusions and Future Directions ..................... 207
Acknowledgements ........................................... 208
References ................................................. 208
6 Smart Nanomaterials for Space and Energy Applications ...... 213
Raghvendra S. Yadav , Ravindra P. Singh, Prinsa
Verma, Ashutosh Tiwari and Avinash C. Pandey
6.1 Introduction .......................................... 214
6.2 Nanomaterials in Photovoltaic Cells for Space
Application ........................................... 215
6.2.1 Current Research on Materials and Devices ...... 218
6.2.2 Crystalline Silicon ............................ 218
6.2.3 Thin Film Processing ........................... 219
6.2.4 Transparent Conductors ......................... 219
6.2.5 Cadmium Telluride Solar Cell ................... 220
6.2.6 Multijunction Thin Film Photovoltaic Cells ..... 220
6.2.7 Gallium Arsenide Substrate ..................... 221
6.2.8 Germanium Substrate ............................ 222
6.2.9 Indium Phoshide Substrate ...................... 222
6.2.10 Nanocomposites ................................. 222
6.2.11 Quantum Well Solar Cells ....................... 223
6.2.12 Nanowires and Tubes ............................ 223
6.2.13 Quantum Dots ................................... 224
6.3 Nanomaterials for Hydrogen Storage .................... 224
6.3.1 Carbon Nanotubes ............................... 225
6.3.2 Boron Nitride Nanotubes ........................ 228
6.3.3 Hydride Materials .............................. 230
6.3.4 Metal-organic Materials ........................ 233
6.4 Nanomaterials in Batteries ............................ 233
6.5 Nanomaterials for Energy Storage in Supercapacitors ... 236
6.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects ...................... 238
Acknowledgement ............................................ 240
References ................................................. 240
7 Thermochromic Thin Films and Nanocomposites for Smart
Glazing .................................................... 251
Russell Binions
7.1 Introduction .......................................... 252
7.2 Principles and Background Theory to Solar Control
Coatings .............................................. 254
7.2.1 Ambient Radiation .............................. 254
7.2.2 Solar Thermal Surfaces ......................... 256
7.2.3 Thin Films for Window Glazing: Static
Properties ..................................... 258
7.2.4 Spectrally Selective Thin Films: Heat
Mirrors ........................................ 259
7.2.5 Thin Films for Window Glazing: Dynamic
Properties ..................................... 260
7.3 Semiconductor-to-metal Transitions .................... 263
7.3.1 Vanadium Dioxide ............................... 269
7.3.2 Challenges for VO2 use in Architectural
Glazing ........................................ 273
7.4 Synthetic Techniques .................................. 274
7.4.1 Physical Vapour Deposition ..................... 274
7.4.2 Pulsed Laser Deposition ........................ 276
7.4.3 Sol-gel Synthesis .............................. 278
7.4.4 Chemical Vapour Deposition ..................... 279
7.4.5 Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Vapour
Deposition ..................................... 283
7.4.6 Aerosol Assisted Chemical Vapour Deposition .... 285
7.4.7 Hybrid Aerosol Assisted/Atmospheric Pressure
Chemical Vapour Deposition ..................... 287
7.4.8 Comparison of Production Methods ............... 288
7.5 Recent Results ........................................ 289
7.5.1 Fluorine Doped VO2 ............................. 289
7.5.2 Nanocomposite Thin Films and Energy Modelling
Studies ........................................ 294
7.5.3 The Ideal Thermochromic Coating ................ 306
7.6 Outlook and Conclusions ............................... 310
Acknowledgments ............................................ 311
References ................................................. 312
PART II Organic Materials ..................................... 317
8 Polymeric Nano-, Micellar and Core-shell Materials ......... 319
Angel Contreras-Garcia, Guillermina Burillo, and Emilio
Bucio
8.1 Introduction .......................................... 319
8.2 Stimuli-responses ..................................... 321
8.3 Intelligent Micro- and Nano-materials Synthesis ....... 323
8.3.1 Coacervation/precipitation ..................... 323
8.3.2 Particles by Chemical Crosslinking ............. 323
8.3.3 Heterogeneous Polymerization ................... 325
8.3.4 Polymer Adsorption on Nanoparticles ............ 328
8.3.5 Layer-by-layer Polymeric Shell ................. 329
8.3.6 Precipitation on Templates ..................... 329
8.3.7 Grafting onto the Surface of Particles ......... 330
8.3.8 Self-assembly of Micelles ...................... 331
8.3.9 Radiation-grafting of Nano Polymers ............ 332
8.4 Characterization of Nano Sensitive Polymers ........... 334
8.4.1 Swelling Measurements .......................... 334
8.4.2 Thermo Sensitive Nano Polymers [194-197] ....... 335
8.4.3 pH Critical Point .............................. 335
8.4.4 Surface Plasmon Resonance Spectroscopy (SPR) ... 336
8.4.5 FTIR Spectroscopic Method for the
Determination of the LCST ...................... 336
8.4.6 Thermal Transition of Responsive Materials ..... 337
8.4.7 Contact Angle .................................. 337
8.4.8 Microscopy ..................................... 338
References ................................................. 339
9 Conjugates of Nanomaterials with Phthalocyanines ........... 347
Edith Antunes, Christian Litwinski and Tebello Nyokong
9.1 Background on Nanomaterials ........................... 348
9.1.1 Semiconductor Quantum Dot (QD) Nanoparticles ... 350
9.2.1 Magnetic Iron Nanoparticles (MNPs) ............. 361
9.3.1 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) ........................ 365
9.4 Phthalocyanines (Pes) ................................. 372
9.4.1 Background and History ......................... 372
9.4.2 Use in Photodynamic Therapy .................... 373
9.4.3 General Synthetic Methods of Phthalocyanines
and Pc Nanoparticles ........................... 374
9.5 Photophysical and Photochemical Behavior .............. 377
9.5.1 Singlet Oxygen ................................. 378
9.5.2 Fluorescence Quantum Yields (ФF) and
Lifetimes (TF) ................................. 384
9.5.3 Triplet State Quantum Yields (ФT) and
Lifetimes (τT) ................................. 387
9.6 Phthalocyanine and Nanomaterial Conjugates ............ 389
9.6.1 Synthesis ...................................... 389
9.6.2 Fe-NPs Mixed with MPcs ......................... 401
9.6.3 Pc-QDs ......................................... 402
References ................................................. 410
10 Nanostructured Carbon and Polymer Materials- Synthesis
and their Application in Energy Conversion Devices ......... 425
Debmalya Roy, B. Shastri, Md. Immamuddin, K. Mukhopadhyay
10.1 Introduction .......................................... 426
10.2 Inorganic and Organic Semiconductors for Solar Cell ... 428
10.3 Materials for Organic Solar Cell: Donor ............... 431
10.4 Materials for Organic Solar Cell: Acceptor ............ 440
10.5 Our Efforts Towards Material Synthesis for OPV ........ 444
10.6 Conclusions ........................................... 460
Acknowledgements ........................................... 461
References ................................................. 462
11 Advancement in Cellulose Based Bio-plastics for
Biomedicals ................................................ 467
S.K. Shukla
11.1 Introduction .......................................... 467
11.2 Plasticity Modulation ................................. 469
11.2.1 Composite formation ............................ 469
11.2.2 Microbial Bioplastics .......................... 472
11.2.3 Copolymerization ............................... 474
11.2.4 Melt Mixing and Physical Annealing ............. 476
11.2.5 Nanocomposites ................................. 478
11.3 Applications .......................................... 479
11.3.1 Enteric Coatings ............................... 480
11.3.2 Sustained Release .............................. 480
11.3.3 Tissue Engineering ............................. 481
11.3.4 Sensors and Recognition ........................ 482
11.4 Future Challenges ..................................... 483
11.5 Conclusions ........................................... 485
References ................................................. 485
PART III Composite Materials .................................. 487
12 Intelligent Nanocomposite Hydrogels ........................ 489
Mohammad Sirousazar and Mehrdad Kokabi
12.1 Introduction .......................................... 489
12.2 Temperature-sensitive Intelligent Nanocomposite
Hydrogels ............................................. 495
12.3 pH-sensitive Intelligent Nanocomposite Hydrogels ...... 505
12.4 Magnetic-field-sensitive Intelligent Nanocomposite
Hydrogels ............................................. 513
12.5 Other Stimuli-sensitive Intelligent Nanocomposite
Hydrogels ............................................. 519
12.6 Multi-stimuli-sensitive Intelligent Nano Composite
Hydrogels ............................................. 523
12.7 Conclusions ........................................... 527
References ................................................. 527
13 Polymer/Layered Silicates Nanocomposites for Barrier
Technology ................................................. 533
Philip W. Labuschagne, Sean Moolman and Arjun Maity
13.1 Introduction .......................................... 533
13.2 Polymer/Layered Silicate (PLS) Nanocomposite .......... 535
13.3 Gas Permeability ...................................... 536
13.4 Permeability of Polymer-Layered Silicate
Nanocomposites ........................................ 539
13.5 Preparation Method .................................... 553
13.6 Process Conditions .................................... 554
13.7 Clay Loading .......................................... 556
13.8 Clay Surfactant ....................................... 559
13.9 Compatibilizer and Polymer ............................ 562
13.10 Conclusions .......................................... 565
References ................................................. 566
14 Polymers/Composites Based Intelligent Transducers .......... 571
Ajay Kumar Mishra Shivani B. Mishra, Ashutosh Tiwari
14.1 Introduction .......................................... 571
14.2 Polymers and Polymer Nanocomposites for Transducers ... 573
14.3 Polymer-carbon Nanotubes-based Nanocomposites for
Transducers ........................................... 575
14.4 Conclusions ........................................... 578
References ................................................. 579
PART IV Biomaterials and Devices .............................. 583
15 Hydrogel Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery .................... 585
Mehrdad Hamidi, Kobra Rostamizadeh and Mohammad-Ali
Shahbazi
15.1 Introduction .......................................... 586
15.2 Properties of Nanogels ................................ 589
15.3 Characterization of Nanogels .......................... 590
15.4 Preparation of Nanogel Networks ....................... 593
15.4.1 Physical Self-assembly of Interactive
Polymers ....................................... 593
15.4.2 Chemical Synthesis in Heterogeneous Colloidal
Environments ................................... 595
15.4.3 Covalent Crosslinking of Preformed Polymer ..... 596
15.4.4 Template-assisted Preparation of Nanogel
Particles ...................................... 597
15.5 Smart Nanogels for Drug Delivery Systems .............. 597
15.5.1 pH-responsive Nanogels in Drug Delivery ........ 597
15.5.2 Temperature-responsive Nanogels in Drug
Delivery ....................................... 602
15.5.3 Glucose-responsive Drug Delivery Nanogels ...... 610
15.5.4 Photo-responsive-based Drug Delivery
Nanogels ....................................... 612
15.5.5 Magnetically-responsive Drug Delivery
Nanogels ....................................... 614
15.5.6 Redox-responsive Drug Delivery Nanogels ........ 616
15.5.7 Ultrasound-responsive Drug Delivery Nanogels ... 617
15.6 Conclusions ........................................... 618
References ................................................. 619
16 Mode of Growth Mechanism of Nanocrystal Using
Biomolecules ............................................... 625
Sharda Sundaram Sanjay, Ravindra P. Singh, Ashutosh
Tiwari and Avinash C. Pandey
16.1 Introduction .......................................... 626
16.2 Mode of Growth Mechanism of Nanocrystals .............. 629
16.2.1 Biomolecules ................................... 629
16.2.2 Building Blocks ................................ 630
16.2.3 Mechanism of Formation of Inorganic
Nanocrystals ................................... 631
16.2.4 The Classical Crystal Growth Kinetics .......... 634
16.2.5 Factors for Controlling the Subsequent Growth
Processes ...................................... 635
16.2.6 Properties of Bio-functionalities which
Efficiently Influence the Nanoparticles
Growth ......................................... 635
16.2.7 Types of Interactions between Nanoparticles
and Biomolecules ............................... 636
16.2.8 Condition for the Bioconjunction of
Nanocrystals and Biomolecules .................. 641
16.3 Conclusions ........................................... 644
Acknowledgements ........................................... 644
References ................................................. 644
17 Quantum Dots for Detection, Identification and Tracking
of Single Biomolecules in Tissue and Cells ................. 649
By Alexandre J.R. Loukanov, Saim Emin
17.1 Introduction .......................................... 650
17.2 Detection of Membrane Proteins in Tissue Replica ...... 654
17.2.1 ТЕМ versus STEM for visibility ................. 655
17.2.2 EDX analysis has a difficulty with Pt/carbon
replica ........................................ 659
17.2.3 Co-localization of AMPA and NMDA with Qdots
and Au-colloids ................................ 662
17.3 Subunit Co-localization of Membrane Proteins by
Immunolabeled 1nm Gold Nanoparticles .................. 665
17.3.1 Detection of Immunolabeled 1 nm Nanogold
Particles on Sds-Frl ........................... 666
17.3.2 Distribution Pattern Analysis .................. 667
17.3.3 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Differentiation of
Ultrasmall Gold and Semiconductor
Nanoparticles .................................. 669
17.3.4 Subunit Labeling ............................... 669
17.4 Labeling and Intracellular Tracking of DNA with
Quantum Dots .......................................... 671
17.5 Perspectives .......................................... 675
References ................................................. 676
18 Nanofibers-based Biomedical Devices ........................ 679
Debasish Mondal and Ashutosh Tiwari
18.1 Introduction .......................................... 680
18.2 Nanofibers Fabrication Techniques ..................... 681
18.2.1 Electrospinning ................................ 681
18.2.2 Phase Separation ............................... 685
18.2.3 Self-assembly .................................. 685
18.3 Polymeric Materials for Nanofibers .................... 686
18.3.1 Natural Polymers ............................... 686
18.3.2 Synthetic Polymers ............................. 687
18.4 Biocompatibility of Nanofibers ........................ 687
18.5 Application of Nanofibers in Biomedical Devices ....... 691
18.5.1 Nanofibrous Scaffold for Tissue Engineering .... 691
18.5.2 Nanofibers for Therapeutic Agents Release ...... 701
18.5.3 Nanofibers for Biosensors ...................... 705
18.6 Status and Prognosis .................................. 706
References ................................................. 708
19 Nano-sized Carrier Systems as New Materials for Nuclear
Medicine ................................................... 715
Martin Hruby
19.1 Introduction .......................................... 715
19.2 Imaging of Reticuloendothelial System with
Radiolabeled Nanoparticles ............................ 719
19.3 Local Applications of Nanoparticles ................... 720
19.4 Nanoparticles for Cancer Imaging and Therapy .......... 722
19.5 Minimization of Systemic Radiation Burden ............. 731
19.6 Conclusions ........................................... 733
Aknowledgements ............................................ 734
References ................................................. 734
20 Biomimetic Materials Toward Application of
Nanobiodevices ............................................. 741
Ravindra P. Singh, Jeong-Woo Choi, Ashutosh Tiwari,
and Avinash C. Pandey
20.1 Introduction .......................................... 742
20.2 Biomimetic Peptides and Proteins ...................... 743
20.3 Biomimetic DNA ........................................ 758
20.4 Biomimetics Metal and Metal Oxides Nanostructures
Formation ............................................. 762
20.5 Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes ......................... 767
20.6 Biomimetics Smart Polymer ............................. 771
20.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives ................... 774
Acknowledgements ........................................... 775
References ................................................. 775
21 Lipid Based Nano-biosensors for Medical Diagnostics ........ 783
Georgia-Paraskevi Nikoleli, Dimitrios P. Nikolelis and
Nikolaos Tzamtzis
21.1 Introduction .......................................... 783
21.2 Methods for Preparation Biosensors Based on Lipid
Films ................................................. 785
21.2.1 Metal Supported Lipid Layers ................... 785
21.2.2 BLM Formed on a Surface of Glassy Carbon
Electrode ...................................... 786
21.2.3 Stabilized Lipid Films Formed on a Glass
Fiber Filter ................................... 786
21.2.4 Bilayers Formed on Conducting Polymers,
Semiconductors, Carbon Nanotube Surfaces ....... 788
21.2.5 BLM Formed on Microporous Material ............. 789
21.3 Applications of Nano Biosensors Based on Lipid Films
for Uses in Medical Diagnostics ....................... 790
21.4 Conclusions ........................................... 797
References ................................................. 798
22 Polymeric Nanofibers and their Applications in Sensors ..... 801
Murugan Rantalingam, Ashutosh Tiwari
22.1 Introduction .......................................... 802
22.2 Polymer Nanofibers .................................... 803
22.3 Electrospinning of Polymer Nanofibers ................. 807
22.3.1 Overview of Electrospinning .................... 807
22.3.2 System Configuration ........................... 807
22.3.3 Spinning Process and Mechanism ................. 808
22.4 Different Types of Fiber Collectors and Fiber
Geometry .............................................. 809
22.4.1 Types of Fiber Collectors ...................... 811
22.4.2 Fiber Geometry and Dimension ................... 811
22.5 Applications of Electrospun Nanofibers in Sensors ..... 814
22.5.1 Chemical Sensors ............................... 814
22.5.2 Biological Sensors ............................. 820
22.6 Conclusions ........................................... 822
References ................................................. 823
Index ......................................................... 827
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