1 General introduction ......................................... 1
1.1 Chlorinated volatile organic compounds as groundwater
pollutants .............................................. 1
1.1.1 Contaminant characteristics ...................... 2
1.1.2 Sources, dimensions and hazards of groundwater
contamination .................................... 4
1.1.3 Biodegradation of chlorinated VOC ................ 5
1.1.4 Remediation options for groundwater
contaminated by chlorinated VOC .................. 9
1.2 CW treatment of chlorinated VOC ........................ 11
1.2.1 Technical and engineering aspects ............... 11
1.2.2 Metabolic potential of CW and chlorinated VOC
removal ......................................... 14
1.2.3 Current state of research ....................... 17
1.2.4 Challenges and engineering potentials ........... 17
1.3 Resulting tasks and outline of the thesis .............. 19
2 Pilot-scale study on the treatment of chlorobenzenes in
constructed wetlands ........................................ 22
2.1 Treatment of chlorobenzene contaminated groundwater
in a pilot-scale constructed wetland ................... 22
2.2 Chlorobenzenes removal efficiencies and removal
processes in a pilot-scale constructed wetland
treating contaminated groundwater ...................... 42
2.3 Assessment of in situ biodegradation of
monochlorobenzene in contaminated groundwater
treated in a constructed wetland ....................... 67
3 Simultaneous treatment of monochlorobenzene and
perchloroethene ............................................. 93
3.1 Adaptation of a constructed wetland to simultaneous
treatment of monochlorobenzene and perchloroethene ..... 93
4 Engineering approaches to optimization of
monochlorobenzene and perchloroethene removal .............. 116
4.1 Removal of monochlorobenzene and perchloroethene in
wetland rhizosphere model systems ..................... 116
5 Summary and concluding remarks ............................. 138
5.1 Pilot-scale study on the treatment of chlorobenzenes
in CW ................................................. 139
5.2 Simultaneous treatment of MCB and PCE ................. 141
5.3 Engineering approaches to optimization of MCB and
PCE removal ........................................... 142
5.4 Outlook: Further research needs ....................... 143
5.5 Limitations and practical implications for
implementation ........................................ 145
6 References ................................................. 149
Acknowledgements .............................................. 160
Publications .................................................. 162
Curriculum Vitae .............................................. 165
Appendices .................................................... 168
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