Foreword ....................................................... xi
Preface ...................................................... xiii
Acknowledgments ................................................ xv
Editors ...................................................... xvii
SECTION 1: AMINO ACIDS, PEPTIDES, AND PROTEINS
Properties of Amino Acids ....................................... 3
Data on the Naturally Occurring Amino Acids ..................... 7
Structures and Symbols for Synthetic Amino Acids Incorporated
into Synthetic Polypeptides ................................. 43
Unnatural Amino Acids for Incorporation into Proteins .......... 53
Properties of the a-Keto Acid Analogs of Amino Acids ........... 55
α,β-Unsaturated Amino Acids .................................... 57
Amino Acid Antagonists ......................................... 59
Coefficients of Solubility Equations of Certain Amino Acids
in Water .................................................... 65
Heat Capacities, Absolute Entropies, and Entropies of
Formation of Amino Acids and Related Compounds .............. 67
Heat of Combustion, Enthalpy and Free Energy of Formation of
Amino Acids and Related Compounds ........................... 69
Solubilities of Amino Acids in Water at Various Temperatures ... 71
Heats of Solution of Amino Acids in Aqueous Solution at 25°C ... 75
Free Energies of Solution and Standard Free Energy of
Formation of Amino Acids in Aqueous Solution at 25°C ........ 77
Far Ultraviolet Absorption Spectra of Amino Acids .............. 79
UV Absorption Characteristics of N-Acetyl Methyl Esters of
the Aromatic Amino Acids, Cystine and of N-Acetylcysteine ... 81
Numerical Values of the Absorbances of the Aromatic Amino
Acids in Acid, Neutral and Alkaline Solutions ............... 83
Luminescence of the Aromatic Amino Acids ....................... 89
Luminescence of Derivatives of the Aromatic Amino Acids ........ 91
Luminescence of Proteins Lacking Tryptophan .................... 93
Luminescence of Proteins Containing Tryptophan ................. 95
Hydrophobicities of Amino Acids and Proteins ................... 99
Chemical Specificity of Reagents for Protein Modification ..... 115
Reagents for the Chemical Modification of Proteins ............ 117
Protein pK Values ............................................. 137
Protease Inhibitors and Protease Inhibitor Cocktails .......... 141
Assay of Solution Protein Concentration ....................... 155
Spectrophotometric Determination of Protein Concentration in
the Short-Wavelength Ultraviolet ........................... 161
SECTION 2: LIPIDS
A Comprehensive Classification System for Lipids .............. 165
Properties of Fatty Acids and Their Methyl Esters ............. 189
Densities, Specific Volumes, and Temperature Coefficients of
Fatty Acids from C8 to C12 .................................. 191
Composition and Properties of Common Oils and Fats ............ 193
Androgens ..................................................... 199
Bile Acids .................................................... 201
Corticoids .................................................... 203
Estrogens ..................................................... 205
Progestogens .................................................. 207
Sterols ....................................................... 209
Prostaglandins and Related Fatty-Acid Derived Materials ....... 221
SECTION 3: VITAMINS AND COENZYMES
Properties of Vitamins ........................................ 225
Biological Characteristics of Vitamins ........................ 237
Properties for Ascorbic Acid and Ascorbate-2-Sulfate .......... 241
Vitamers ...................................................... 243
Vitamin Names Discarded ....................................... 251
SECTION 4: NUCLEIC ACIDS
UV Spectral Characteristics and Acidic Dissociation
Constants of 280 Alkyl Bases, Nucleosides, and
Nucleotides ................................................ 255
Ultraviolet Absorbance of Oligonucleotides Containing
2'-0-Methylpentose Residues ................................ 263
Spectrophotometric Constants of Ribonucleotides ............... 265
Purines, Pyrimidines, Nucleosides, and Nucleotides:
Physical Constants and Spectral Properties ................. 269
Chemical Modification of Nucleic Acids ........................ 359
Transfection Technologies ..................................... 373
SECTION 5: CARBOHYDRATES
Introduction to Carbohydrates ................................. 383
Natural Alditols, Inositols, Inososes, and Amino Alditols
and Inosamines ............................................. 407
Natural Acids of Carbohydrate Derivation ...................... 417
Natural Aldoses ............................................... 431
Natural Ketoses ............................................... 457
Carbohydrate Phosphate Esters ................................. 473
The Naturally Occurring Amino Sugars .......................... 491
Oligosaccharides (Including Disaccharides) .................... 499
Mucopolysaccharides (Glycosaminoglycans) ...................... 533
SECTION 6: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
Recommendations for Nomenclature and Tables in Biochemical
Thermodynamics ............................................. 537
Standard Transformed Gibbs Energies of Formation for
Biochemical Reactants ...................................... 551
Enthalpy, Entropy, and Free Energy Values for Biochemical
Redox Reactions ............................................ 555
Oxidation-Reduction Potentials, Absorbance Bands and Molar
Absorbance of Compounds Used in Biochemical Studies ........ 557
Calorimetric ΔH Values Accompanying Conformational Changes
of Macromolecules in Solution .............................. 565
Free Energies of Hydrolysis and Decarboxylation ............... 579
Deci-Normal Solutions of Oxidation and Reduction Reagents ..... 585
Guidelines for Potentiometric Measurements in Suspensions
Part A. The Suspension Effect .............................. 587
Ionization Constants of Acids and Bases ....................... 595
Guidelines for NMR Measurements for Determination of High
and Low pKa Values ......................................... 637
Measurement and Interpretation of Electrokinetic Phenomena .... 645
Measurement of pH Definition, Standards, and Procedures ....... 675
General Comments on Buffers ................................... 693
List of Buffers ............................................... 695
Bronsted Acidities ............................................ 707
Measurement of pH ............................................. 709
Buffer Solutions .............................................. 715
Amine Buffers Useful for Biological Research .................. 719
Preparation of Buffers for Use in Enzyme Studies .............. 721
Buffer for Acrylamide Gels (Single-Gel Systems) ............... 725
Buffer for Acrylamide Gels with More Than One Layer ........... 726
Starch Gels ................................................... 729
Indicators for Volumetric Work and pH Determinations .......... 731
Acid and Base Indicators ...................................... 735
Specific Gravity of Liquids ................................... 739
Viscosity and Density Tables .................................. 743
A Listing of Log P Values, Water Solubility, and Molecular
Weight for Some Selected Chemicals ......................... 747
Chemicals Commonly Used in Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology and Their Properties ............................... 751
Common Detergents Used in Biochemical Research ................ 811
Some Properties of Detergents and Surfactants Used in
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ......................... 813
Some Biological Stains and Dyes ............................... 819
Mordant Dyes .................................................. 843
Metal Chelating Agents ........................................ 847
Water ......................................................... 855
Stability of Solutions for GLP and cGMP Use ................... 857
General Information on Spectroscopy ........................... 859
Microplates ................................................... 861
Plastics ...................................................... 863
Chemical and Physical Properties of Various Commercial
Plastics ................................................... 869
Generic Source-Based Nomenclature for Polymers ................ 871
Definitions of Terms Relating to Reactions of Polymers and
to Functional Polymeric Materials .......................... 877
Definitions of Terms Related to Polymer Blends, Composites,
and Multiphase Polymeric Materials ......................... 887
Organic Name Reactions Useful in Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology .................................................... 899
Enzymes in Synthetic Organic Chemistry ........................ 927
Therapeutic Enzymes ........................................... 939
Weights of Cells and Cell Constituents ........................ 943
Particle Diameter ............................................. 945
Appendix A: Abbreviations and Acronyms ........................ 947
Appendix B: Glossary of Terms Useful in Biochemistry .......... 959
Index ........................................................ 1075
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