1 Introduction .................................................. 7
2 Conservation of species in Finland ........................... 9
2.1 The development of legislation .......................... 9
2.2 The development of protected areas ..................... 10
2.3 NGO-based conservation of species ...................... 10
2.4 Nature conservation in the Åland Isles ................. 12
3 Assessment of the status of species for conservation
purposes .................................................... 13
3.1 The concept of a species being under threat of
extinction ............................................. 13
3.2 Principles ............................................. 13
State of knowledge ..................................... 13
Taxonomic unit ......................................... 13
History of occurrence in Finland ....................... 14
Distribution and abundance ............................. 15
Development of stocks .................................. 15
Biology of a species ................................... 15
Conservation measures already accomplished ............. 15
3.3 The Committee's classification of threatened species ... 15
4 Threatened species in Finland ............................... 19
4.1 List of threatened species ............................. 19
Vertebrates ............................................ 20
Invertebrates .......................................... 21
Vascular plants ........................................ 29
Bryophytes and algae ................................... 32
Fungi and lichens ...................................... 35
4.2 Division according to groups of organisms .............. 40
4.3 Vertebrates ............................................. 41
Mammals ................................................ 46
Birds .................................................. 48
Reptiles and amphibians ................................ 50
Fish ................................................... 51
4.4 Invertebrates .......................................... 53
Segmented worms ........................................ 54
Molluscs ............................................... 54
Arthropods ............................................. 55
Spiders and their kin .................................. 55
Crustaceans ............................................ 56
Millipedes ............................................. 56
Centipedes ............................................. 57
Insects ................................................ 57
Mayflies ............................................... 58
Dragonflies ............................................ 58
Stoneflies ............................................. 59
Grasshoppers and crickets .............................. 59
Heteropteran bugs ...................................... 59
Homopteran bugs ........................................ 60
Alder flies, snake flies, and lacewings ................ 60
Scorpion flies ......................................... 60
Butterflies and moths .................................. 60
Caddish flies .......................................... 62
True flies ............................................. 62
Bees, wasps and ants ................................... 63
Beetles ................................................ 64
4.5 Vascular plants ........................................ 66
4.6 Cryptogams and fungi ................................... 69
Bryophytes or mosses ................................... 69
Algae .................................................. 71
Fungi .................................................. 72
Macrofungi ............................................. 74
Microfungi ............................................. 75
Lichens ................................................ 75
4.7 Habitats ............................................... 77
4.8 Causes of decline of species in Finland ................ 79
4.9 Regional review ........................................ 80
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