Foreword ..................................................... iii
Acknowledgments ............................................... iv
Executive Summary .............................................. v
Chapter A
Groundwater Availability in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of
North and South Carolina
Introduction .................................................... 1
Purpose and Scope ............................................ 4
Methods of Investigation ..................................... 5
Data Compilation .......................................... 6
Numerical Model ........................................... 6
Previous Investigations ...................................... 6
Study Area ...................................................... 7
Physiography and Climate ..................................... 7
Capacity Use Areas ........................................... 7
Geologic History and Setting .................................... 7
Hydrogeology .................................................... 8
Hydrologic System ............................................... 8
Surface Water ................................................ 8
Groundwater .................................................. 8
Development of the Hydrologic System ............................ 9
Groundwater Development History .............................. 9
Water Use ................................................... 10
Development and Changes to the Hydrologic Budget ............... 10
Simulated Groundwater Budget Analysis ....................... 10
Regional Groundwater Budget ................................. 10
North Carolina Central Coastal Plain Capacity Use Area
Groundwater Budget ....................................... 16
Sumter, South Carolina, Groundwater Budget ............... 19
Aiken, South Carolina, Groundwater Budget ................ 19
Effects of Potential Future Climate Variability on
Groundwater Levels .......................................... 24
Groundwater Level Monitoring Network Analysis in North and
South Carolina ................................................. 25
Summary and Conclusions ........................................ 42
References ..................................................... 44
Chapter В
Hydrogeologic Framework of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, North
and South Carolina Introduction ................................ 49
Previous Investigations ..................................... 53
Nomenclature and Classification of Hydrostratigraphic
Units ....................................................... 53
Methods of Investigation .................................... 55
North Carolina Methods of Investigation ..................... 55
South Carolina Methods of Investigation ..................... 56
Hydrogeologic Cross Sections ................................ 57
Pre-Cretaceous Basement Rocks and Structural Geology of the
Coastal Plain .................................................. 61
North Carolina Coastal Plain Stratigraphy and
Hydrostratigraphy .............................................. 61
Surficial Aquifer ........................................... 64
Yorktown Confining Unit and Aquifer ......................... 67
Castle Hayne Confining Unit and Aquifer ..................... 72
Beaufort Confining Unit and Aquifer ......................... 77
Peedee Confining Unit and Aquifer ........................... 82
Black Creek Confining Unit and Aquifer ...................... 87
Upper Cape Fear Confining Unit and Aquifer .................. 92
Lower Cape Fear Confining Unit and Aquifer .................. 97
Lower Cretaceous Confining Unit and Aquifer ................ 102
South Carolina Coastal Plain Allostratigraphy and
Biostratigraphy ............................................... 105
Late Cretaceous Formations ................................. 105
Beech Hill Formation .................................... 105
Clubhouse Formation ..................................... 105
Cape Fear Formation ..................................... 105
Collins Creek Formation ................................. 106
Pleasant Creek Formation ................................ 106
Shepherd Grove Formation ................................ 106
Caddin Formation ........................................ 106
Cane Acre Formation ..................................... 107
Coachman Formation ...................................... 107
Bladen Formation ........................................ 107
Donoho Creek Formation .................................. 107
Peedee Formation ........................................ 108
Sawdust Landing Formation ............................... 108
Tertiary Formations ........................................ 108
Rhems Formation ......................................... 109
Lang Syne Formation ..................................... 109
Williamsburg Formation .................................. 109
Fishburne Formation ..................................... 110
Congaree Formation ...................................... 110
Warley Hill Formation ................................... 110
Santee Formation ........................................ 110
Harleyville Formation ................................... 111
Dry Branch Formation .................................... 111
Tobacco Road Sand Formation ............................. 111
Ashley Formation ........................................ 111
Hawthorn Group .......................................... 112
Upland Unit ............................................. 112
Undifferentiated Quaternary Units ....................... 112
South Carolina Coastal Plain Hydrostratigraphy ................ 112
Surficial Aquifer .......................................... 116
Age and Stratigraphic Correlation ....................... 116
Lithology and Texture ................................... 116
Hydrologic Properties ................................... 116
Geophysical-Log Signature ............................... 117
Floridan Aquifer System .................................... 117
Upper Floridan Confining Unit ........................... 118
Age and Stratigraphic Correlation .................... 118
Lithology and Texture ................................ 118
Hydrologic Properties ................................ 118
Geophysical-Log Signature ............................ 119
Upper Floridan Aquifer .................................. 119
Age and Stratigraphic Correlation .................... 119
Lithology and Texture ................................ 119
Hydrologic Properties ................................ 120
Geophysical-Log Signature ............................ 120
Middle Floridan Confining Unit .......................... 120
Age and Stratigraphic Correlation .................... 120
Lithology and Texture ................................ 120
Hydrologic Properties ................................ 120
Geophysical-Log Signature ............................ 121
Middle Floridan Aquifer ................................. 121
Age and Stratigraphic Correlation .................... 121
Lithology and Texture ................................ 121
Hydrologic Properties ................................ 122
Geophysical-Log Signature ............................ 122
Gordon Confining Unit ................................... 122
Age and Stratigraphic Correlation .................... 122
Lithology and Texture ................................ 122
Hydrologic Properties ................................ 122
Geophysical-Log Signature ............................ 122
Gordon Aquifer .......................................... 123
Age and Stratigraphic Correlation .................... 123
Lithology and Texture ................................ 123
Hydrologic Properties ................................ 123
Geophysical-Log Signature ............................ 123
Meyers Branch Confining System/Crouch Branch Confining
Unit ....................................................... 124
Age and Stratigraphic Correlation ....................... 124
Lithology and Texture ................................... 124
Hydrologic Properties ................................... 124
Geophysical-Log Signature ............................... 124
Dublin Aquifer System/Crouch Branch Aquifer ................ 124
Age and Stratigraphic Correlation ....................... 125
Lithology and Texture ................................... 125
Hydrologic Properties ................................... 126
Geophysical-Log Signature ............................... 126
Allendale Confining System/McQueen Branch Confining Unit ... 126
Age and Stratigraphic Correlation ....................... 126
Lithology and Texture ................................... 127
Hydrologic Properties ................................... 127
Geophysical-Log Signature ............................... 127
Midville Aquifer System .................................... 127
McQueen Branch Aquifer .................................. 128
Age and Stratigraphic Correlation .................... 128
Lithology and Texture ................................ 128
Hydrologic Properties ................................ 128
Geophysical-Log Signature ............................ 128
Charleston Confining Unit ............................... 128
Age and Stratigraphic Correlation .................... 129
Lithology and Texture ................................ 129
Hydrologic Properties ................................ 129
Geophysical-Log Signature ............................ 129
Charleston Aquifer ...................................... 129
Age and Stratigraphic Correlation .................... 129
Lithology and Texture ................................ 129
Hydrologic Properties ................................ 130
Geophysical-Log Signature ............................ 130
Appleton Confining System/Gramling Confining Unit .......... 130
Age and Stratigraphic Correlation ....................... 130
Lithology and Texture ................................... 130
Hydrologic Properties ................................... 130
Geophysical-Log Signature ............................... 131
Ridgeland Aquifer System/Gramling Aquifer .................. 131
Age and Stratigraphic Correlation ....................... 131
Lithology and Texture ................................... 131
Hydrologic Properties ................................... 131
Geophysical-Log Signature ............................... 132
Discussion ................................................. 132
Correlation of Hydrostratigraphic Units Across the North
Carolina-South Carolina Border ................................ 132
Summary ....................................................... 136
References .................................................... 139
Appendix B1. Aquifer and confining unit top surface
altitudes interpreted from borehole geophysical
logs, cores, and other data in the Coastal
Plain of North Carolina, South Carolina,
eastern Georgia, and southern Virginia ........... 147
Appendix B2. Core description of ORG-393 (#68, section l-l',
Plate 7) ......................................... 156
Chapter С
Simulation of Groundwater Flow in the Atlantic Coastal Plain,
North and South Carolina and Parts of Georgia and Virginia,
Predevelopment to 2004 Introduction ........................... 163
Model Development ............................................. 163
Simulation of Groundwater Flow ................................ 163
Spatial Discretization ..................................... 166
Temporal Discretization .................................... 166
Boundary Conditions ........................................ 169
Recharge ................................................ 169
Groundwater Use ......................................... 169
Hydraulic Properties Used in Model Calibration ............. 179
Observations Used in Model Calibration ..................... 179
Groundwater Levels ...................................... 180
River Baseflow .......................................... 180
Model Calibration .......................................... 180
Model Fit-Groundwater Levels ............................ 196
Model Fit-Stream Baseflow ............................... 215
Simulated Regional Water Budget ......................... 215
Sensitivity Testing and Analysis ........................ 236
Model Limitations .......................................... 238
Future Opportunities for Improvements ......................... 239
References .................................................... 240
Plates
[On CD in pocket]
1. Northwest to southeast hydrogeologic cross section A-A'
through the South Carolina Coastal Plain
2. Northwest to southeast hydrogeologic cross section B-B'
and west to east hydrogeologic cross section C-C' through
the South Carolina Coastal Plain
3. Northwest to southeast hydrogeologic cross section D-D'
and west to east hydrogeologic cross section E-E' through
the North Carolina Coastal Plain
4. West to east hydrogeologic cross section F-F' through the
North Carolina Coastal Plain
5. Southwest to northeast hydrogeologic cross section G-G'
through the North Carolina Coastal Plain
6. Southwest to northeast hydrogeologic cross section D'-H
through the North Carolina Coastal Plain
7. Southwest to northeast hydrogeologic cross sections I-I'
and A'-C' through the South Carolina Coastal Plain
Figures
Chapter A
A1-A4. Maps showing-
A1. The Atlantic Coastal Plain along the Atlantic
Coast of North and South Carolina and parts of
northern Florida, Georgia, Virginia, and Maryland ... 2
A2. Locations of selected groundwater level monitoring
sites and hydrographs showing the effects of the
1998-2002 drought in North and South Carolina ....... 3
A3. Capacity Use Areas in North and South Carolina ...... 4
A4. Locations of areas of detailed groundwater
budgets, North and South Carolina .................. 11
A5-A7. Schematic diagrams showing-
A5. Simulated water budget in the Atlantic Coastal
Plain aquifer system of North and South Carolina
for predevelopment and 2004 ........................ 12
A6. Simulated predevelopment groundwater budget for
the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South
Carolina ........................................... 13
A7. Simulated 2004 groundwater budget for the
Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South
Carolina ........................................... 14
A8. Graph showing simulated water budget per stress
period from predevelopment to 2004 in the
Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South
Carolina ........................................... 15
A9-A14.Schematic diagrams showing-
A9. Simulated groundwater flow budget for
predevelopment conditions in the North Carolina
Central Coastal Plain Capacity Use Area ............ 17
A10. Simulated groundwater flow budget for 2004
conditions in the North Carolina Central Coastal
Plain Capacity Use Area ............................ 18
All. Simulated groundwater flow budget for
predevelopment conditions in the Sumter, South
Carolina, area ..................................... 20
A12. Simulated groundwater flow budget for 2004
conditions in the Sumter, South Carolina, area ..... 21
A13. Simulated groundwater flow budget for
predevelopment conditions in the Aiken, South
Carolina, area ..................................... 22
A14. Simulated groundwater flow budget for 2004
conditions in the Aiken, South Carolina, area ...... 23
A15. Graphs showing simulated net recharge rates for
decadal stress periods from 2010 to 2100 used in
the climate variability scenarios for the
Atlantic Coastal Plain groundwater flow model for
North and South Carolina ........................... 25
A16. Map showing locations of wells used in the
climate variability scenarios in the Atlantic
Coastal Plain of North Carolina, South Carolina,
and Georgia ........................................ 26
A17-A22.Graphs showing simulated and observed groundwater
levels for observation wells in the-
A17. Upper Floridan aquifer, 1900-2100, in the
Atlantic Coastal Plain of South Carolina ........... 27
A18. Castle Hayne/Pungo River/Middle Floridan
aquifer, 1900-2100, in the Atlantic Coastal Plain
of North and South Carolina ........................ 28
A19. Beaufort/Gordon aquifer, 1900-2100, in the
Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South
Carolina ........................................... 29
A20. Peedee/Crouch Branch aquifer, 1900-2100, in the
Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South
Carolina ........................................... 30
А21. Black Creek/McQueen Branch aquifer, 1900-2100,
in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North Carolina
and Georgia ........................................ 31
A22. Upper Cape Fear/Charleston aquifers, 1900-2100,
in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South
Carolina ........................................... 32
A23-A29. Maps showing prediction standard error of the
groundwater level monitoring network in the-
A23. Yorktown/Upper Floridan aquifers in the Atlantic
Coastal Plain of North and South Carolina .......... 34
A24. Castle Hayne/Pungo River/Middle Floridan
aquifers in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North
and South Carolina ................................. 35
A25. Beaufort/Gordon aquifers in the Atlantic Coastal
Plain of North and South Carolina .................. 36
A26. Peedee/Crouch Branch aquifer in the Atlantic
Coastal Plain of North and South Carolina .......... 37
A27. Black Creek/McQueen Branch aquifer in the
Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South
Carolina ........................................... 38
A28. Upper Cape Fear/Charleston aquifer in the
Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South
Carolina ........................................... 39
A29. Lower Cape Fear/Gramling aquifer in the Atlantic
Coastal Plain of North and South Carolina .......... 40
Chapter В
B1-B3. Maps showing-
B1. Location of the study area, major geological
features, and the Atlantic Coastal Plain of
North and South Carolina ........................... 50
B2. Location of observation wells and boreholes in
the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South
Carolina and parts of Virginia and Georgia ......... 51
B3. Altitude of the top of the crystalline basement
rocks underlying the Atlantic Coastal Plain of
North and South Carolina and parts of Virginia
and Georgia, 2007 .................................. 62
B4. Stratigraphic correlations of hydrogeologic units
of the North and South Carolina Coastal Plain ...... 63
B5-B36.Maps showing-
B5. Areal extent and altitude of the top of the
surficial aquifer (layer 1) in the Atlantic
Coastal Plain of North and South Carolina Coastal
Plain and parts of Virginia and Georgia, 2007 ...... 65
B6. Thickness of the surficial aquifer in the
Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South
Carolina (layer 1) and parts of Virginia and
Georgia, 2007 ...................................... 66
B7. Areal extents and the top altitudes of the
Yorktown confining unit (North Carolina) and
Upper Floridan confining unit (South Carolina)
(layer 2), in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North
and South Carolina and parts of Virginia and
Georgia, 2007 ...................................... 68
B8. Thickness of the Yorktown confining unit (North
Carolina) and Upper Floridan confining unit
(South Carolina) (layer 2) in the Atlantic
Coastal Plain of North and South Carolina and
parts of Virginia and Georgia, 2007 ................ 69
B9. Areal extents and the top altitudes of the
Yorktown aquifer (North Carolina) and Upper
Floridan aquifer (South Carolina) (layer 3), in
the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South
Carolina and parts of Virginia and Georgia, 2007 ... 70
В10. Thickness of the Yorktown aquifer (North
Carolina) and Upper Floridan aquifer (South
Carolina) (layer 3) in the Atlantic Coastal
Plain of North and South Carolina and parts of
Virginia and Georgia, 2007 ......................... 71
B11. Areal extents and the top altitudes of the Castle
Hayne confining unit (North Carolina) and the
Middle Floridan confining unit (South Carolina)
(layer 5), in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North
and South Carolina and parts of Virginia and
Georgia, 2007 ...................................... 73
B12. Thickness of the Castle Hayne confining unit
(North Carolina) and the Middle Floridan
confining unit (South Carolina) (layer 4) in the
Atlantic Coastal Plain of North Carolina and
South Carolina and parts of Virginia and Georgia,
2007 ............................................... 74
B13. Thickness of the Castle Hayne aquifer (North
Carolina) and the Middle Floridan aquifer (South
Carolina) (layer 5) in the Atlantic Coastal Plain
of North and South Carolina and parts of Virginia
and Georgia, 2007 .................................. 75
B14. Areal extents and top altitudes of the Castle
Hayne aquifer (North Carolina) and the Middle
Floridan aquifer (South Carolina) (layer 5) in
the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South
Carolina and parts of Virginia and Georgia, 2007 ... 76
B15. Areal extents and the top altitudes of the
Beaufort confining unit (North Carolina) and the
Gordon confining unit (South Carolina) (layer 6),
in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South
Carolina and parts of Virginia and Georgia, 2007 ... 78
B16. Thickness of the Beaufort confining unit (North
Carolina) and the Gordon confining unit (South
Carolina) (layer 6), in the Atlantic Coastal
Plain of North and South Carolina and parts of
Virginia and Georgia, 2007 ......................... 79
B17. Areal extents and the top altitudes of the
Beaufort aquifer (North Carolina) and the Gordon
aquifer (South Carolina) (layer 7), in the
Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South
Carolina and parts of Virginia and Georgia, 2007 ... 80
B18. Thickness of the Beaufort aquifer (North
Carolina) and the Gordon aquifer (South Carolina)
(layer 7), in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North
and South Carolina and parts of Virginia and
Georgia, 2007 ...................................... 81
B19. Areal extents and the top altitudes of the Peedee
confining unit (North Carolina) and the Crouch
Branch confining unit (South Carolina)(layer 8),
in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South
Carolina and parts of Virginia and Georgia, 2007 ... 83
B20. Thickness of the Peedee confining unit (North
Carolina) and the Crouch Branch confining unit
(South Carolina) (layer 8), in the Atlantic
Coastal Plain of North and South Carolina and
parts of Virginia and Georgia, 2007 ................ 84
B21. Areal extents and the top altitudes of the Peedee
aquifer (North Carolina) and the Crouch Branch
aquifer (South Carolina) (layer 9), in the
Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South
Carolina and parts of Virginia and Georgia, 2007 ... 85
B22. Thickness of the Peedee aquifer (North Carolina)
and the Crouch Branch aquifer (South Carolina)
(layer 9), in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North
and South Carolina and parts of Virginia and
Georgia, 2007 ...................................... 86
В23. Areal extents and the top altitudes of the Black
Creek confining unit (North Carolina) and the
McQueen Branch confining unit (South Carolina)
(layer 10), in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of
North and South Carolina and parts of Virginia
and Georgia, 2007 .................................. 88
B24. Thickness of the Black Creek confining unit
(North Carolina) and the McQueen Branch confining
unit (South Carolina) (layer 10), in the Atlantic
Coastal Plain of North and South Carolina and
parts of Virginia and Georgia, 2007 ................ 89
B25. Areal extents and the top altitudes of the Black
Creek aquifer (North Carolina) and the McQueen
Branch aquifer (South Carolina) (layer 11), in
the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South
Carolina and parts of Virginia and Georgia, 2007 ... 90
B26. Thickness of the Black Creek aquifer (North
Carolina) and the McQueen Branch aquifer (South
Carolina) (layer 11), in the Atlantic Coastal
Plain of North and South Carolina and parts of
Virginia and Georgia, 2007 ......................... 91
B27. Areal extents and the top altitudes of the Upper
Cape Fear confining unit (North Carolina) and the
Charleston confining unit (South Carolina) (layer
12), in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and
South Carolina and parts of Virginia and Georgia,
2007 ............................................... 93
B28. Thickness of the Upper Cape Fear confining unit
(North Carolina) and the Charleston confining
unit (South Carolina) (layer 12), in the Atlantic
Coastal Plain of North and South Carolina and
parts of Virginia and Georgia, 2007 ................ 94
B29. Areal extents and the top altitudes of the Upper
Cape Fear aquifer (North Carolina) and the
Charleston aquifer (South Carolina) (layer 13),
in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South
Carolina and parts of Virginia and Georgia, 2007 ... 95
B30. Thickness of the Upper Cape Fear aquifer (North
Carolina) and the Charleston aquifer (South
Carolina) (layer 13), in the Atlantic Coastal
Plain of North and South Carolina and parts of
Virginia and Georgia, 2007 ......................... 96
B31. Areal extents and the top altitudes of the Lower
Cape Fear confining unit (North Carolina) and the
Gramling confining unit (South Carolina)
(layer 14), in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of
North and South Carolina and parts of Virginia
and Georgia, 2007 .................................. 98
B32. Thickness of the Lower Cape Fear confining unit
(North Carolina) and the Gramling confining unit
(South Carolina) (layer 14), in the Atlantic
Coastal Plain of North and South Carolina and
parts of Virginia and Georgia, 2007 ................ 99
B33. Areal extents and the top altitudes of the Lower
Cape Fear aquifer (North Carolina) and Gramling
aquifer (South Carolina) (layer 15), in the
Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South
Carolina and parts of Virginia and Georgia,
2007 .............................................. 100
B34. Thickness of the Lower Cape Fear aquifer (North
Carolina) and Gramling aquifer (South Carolina)
(layer 15), in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of
North and South Carolina and parts of Virginia
and Georgia, 2007 ................................. 101
B35. Areal extents and the top altitudes of the Lower
Cretaceous confining unit and Lower Cretaceous
aquifer in North Carolina (layer 16), in the
Atlantic Coastal Plain of North Carolina and
part of Virginia, 2007 ............................ 103
В36. Thickness of the Lower Cretaceous confining
unit and Lower Cretaceous aquifer in North
Carolina (layer 16), in the Atlantic Coastal
Plain of North Carolina and part of Virginia,
2007 .............................................. 104
B37. Generalized hydrogeologic framework of the South
Carolina Coastal Plain along strike and dip ....... 113
B38. Hydrostratigraphy at the Savannah River Site as
defined by Aadland and others (1995) compared to
the hydrostratigraphy of the South Carolina
Coastal Plain downdip of the Savannah River
Site, as defined in this study .................... 114
B39. Current hydrostratigraphic correlations of the
South Carolina Coastal Plain compared to past
correlations ...................................... 115
B40-B41. Hydrostratigraphic correlation cross sections from-
B40. DIL-121, Little Peedee State Park, Dillion
County, SC, to BB 45M, Marietta, Robeson County,
NC 133 B41. HOR-973-1165, Myrtle Beach, Horry
County, SC, to H0R-388/HH 39J, Calabash,
Brunswick County, NC .............................. 134
B42. Graphs showing continuous groundwater altitudes
from the Marietta, North Carolina, monitoring
station, Robeson County, North Carolina, and
Calabash, North Carolina, monitoring station,
Brunswick County, North Carolina .................. 135
Chapter С
C1-C2. Maps showing-
C1. Location of the Atlantic Coastal Plain in North
and South Carolina and parts of Virginia and
Georgia ........................................... 164
C2. Locations of natural characteristics within
distinct areas of the Atlantic Coastal Plain
Physiographic Province, with a focus on the
study area in North and South Carolina,
southeastern Virginia, and eastern Georgia ........ 165
C3. Generalized cross section of the aquifers and
confining units of the Atlantic Coastal Plain
of North and South Carolina, 2007 ................. 166
C4. Maps showing Atlantic Coastal Plain groundwater
model grid showing boundary conditions in layer
1, which represents the surficial aquifer ......... 168
C5-C7. Graphs showing-
C5. Continuous precipitation data from
precipitation stations in the Atlantic Coastal
Plain of North and South Carolina and parts of
Virginia and Georgia .............................. 170
C6. Simulated recharge by model stress period for
hydrogeologic units in the Atlantic Coastal
Plain of North and South Carolina and parts of
Virginia and Georgia .............................. 171
C7. Groundwater use by model layer for wells in in
the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South
Carolina and parts of Virginia and Georgia ........ 171
C8. Maps showing locations of water-use wells and
2004 withdrawal amounts from the-
C8A. Yorktown aquifer (North Carolina) and the Upper
Floridan aquifer (South Carolina) (layer 3),
in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and
South Carolina and parts of Virginia and
Georgia ........................................... 172
C8B. Castle Hayne aquifer (North Carolina) and the
Middle Floridan aquifer (South Carolina)
(layer 5), in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of
North and South Carolina and parts of Virginia
and Georgia, 2007 ................................. 173
С8С. Beaufort aquifer (North Carolina) and the
Gordon aquifer (South Carolina) (layer 7), in
the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South
Carolina and parts of Virginia and Georgia,
2007 .............................................. 174
C8D. Peedee aquifer (North Carolina) and Crouch
Branch aquifer (South Carolina) (layer 9), in
the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South
Carolina and parts of Virginia and Georgia,
2007 .............................................. 175
C8E. Black Creek aquifer (North Carolina) and McQueen
Branch aquifer (South Carolina) (layer 11), in
the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South
Carolina and parts of Virginia and Georgia,
2007 .............................................. 176
C8F. Upper Cape Fear aquifer (North Carolina) and the
Charleston aquifer (South Carolina) (layer 13),
in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South
Carolina and parts of Virginia and Georgia,
2007 .............................................. 177
C8G. Lower Cape Fear aquifer (North Carolina) and
the Gramling aquifer (South Carolina)
(layer 15), in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of
North and South Carolina and parts of Virginia
and Georgia, 2007 ................................. 178
C9. Maps showing locations of water-level wells
completed in the-
C9A. Yorktown aquifer (North Carolina) and Upper
Floridan aquifer (South Carolina) (layer 3) in
the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South
Carolina and parts of Virginia and Georgia,
2007 .............................................. 181
C9B. Castle Hayne aquifer (North Carolina) and Middle
Floridan aquifer (South Carolina) (layer 5), in
the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South
Carolina and parts of Virginia and Georgia,
2007 .............................................. 182
C9C. Beaufort aquifer (North Carolina) and the Gordon
aquifer (South Carolina) (layer 7), in the
Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South
Carolina and parts of Virginia and Georgia,
2007 .............................................. 183
C9D. Peedee aquifer (North Carolina) and the Crouch
Branch aquifer (South Carolina) (layer 9), in
the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South
Carolina and parts of Virginia and Georgia,
2007 .............................................. 184
C9E. Black Creek aquifer (North Carolina) and the
McQueen Branch aquifer (South Carolina)
(layer 11), in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of
North and South Carolina and parts of Virginia
and Georgia, 2007 ................................. 185
C9F. Upper Cape Fear aquifer (North Carolina) and
the Charleston aquifer (South Carolina)
(layer 13), in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of
North and South Carolina and parts of Virginia
and Georgia, 2007 ................................. 186
C9G. Lower Cape Fear aquifer (North Carolina) and the
Gramling aquifer (South Carolina) (layer 15), in
the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South
Carolina and parts of Virginia and Georgia,
2007 .............................................. 187
C10. Maps showing calibrated horizontal hydraulic
conductivities for the-
C10A.Yorktown aquifer (North Carolina) and the Upper
Floridan aquifer (South Carolina) (layer 3), in
the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South
Carolina and parts of Virginia and Georgia,
2007 .............................................. 189
C10B.Castle Hayne aquifer (North Carolina) and the
Middle Floridan aquifer (South Carolina)
(layer 5), in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of
North and South Carolina and parts of Virginia
and Georgia, 2007 ................................. 190
C10C.Beaufort aquifer (North Carolina) and the Gordon
aquifer (South Carolina) (layer 7), in the
Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South
Carolina and parts of Virginia and Georgia,
2007 .............................................. 191
C10D.Peedee aquifer (North Carolina) and the Crouch
Branch aquifer (South Carolina) (layer 9), in
the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South
Carolina and parts of Virginia and Georgia,
2007 .............................................. 192
С10Е.Black Creek aquifer (North Carolina) and the
McQueen Branch aquifer (South Carolina)
(layer 11), in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of
North and South Carolina and parts of Virginia
and Georgia, 2007 ................................. 193
C10F.Upper Cape Fear aquifer (North Carolina) and the
Charleston aquifer (South Carolina) (layer 13),
in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South
Carolina and parts of Virginia and Georgia,
2007 .............................................. 194
C10G.Lower Cape Fear aquifer (North Carolina) and
the Gramling aquifer (South Carolina)
(layer 15), in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of
North and South Carolina and parts of Virginia
and Georgia, 2007 ................................. 195
C11. Graph showing observed and simulated water
levels for predevelopment calibration, in the
Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South
Carolina and parts of Virginia and Georgia ........ 197
C12. Graph showing water-level residuals and
simulated water levels for predevelopment
calibration in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of
North and South Carolina and parts of Virginia
and Georgia ....................................... 197
C13. Maps showing simulated water levels and water-
level residuals for steady-state calibration for
the-
C13A.Yorktown aquifer (North Carolina) and the Upper
Floridan aquifer (South Carolina) (layer 3), in
the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South
Carolina and parts of Virginia and Georgia,
2007 .............................................. 198
C13B.Castle Hayne aquifer (North Carolina) and the
Middle Floridan aquifer (South Carolina)
(layer 5), in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of
North and South Carolina and parts of Virginia
and Georgia, 2007 ................................. 199
C13C.Beaufort aquifer (North Carolina) and the
Gordon aquifer (South Carolina), in the Atlantic
Coastal Plain of North and South Carolina and
parts of Virginia and Georgia ..................... 200
C13D.Peedee aquifer (North Carolina) and the Crouch
Branch aquifer (South Carolina) (layer 9), in
the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South
Carolina and parts of Virginia and Georgia,
2007 .............................................. 201
C13E.Black Creek aquifer (North Carolina) and the
McQueen Branch aquifer (South Carolina)
(layer 11), in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of
North and South Carolina and parts of Virginia
and Georgia, 2007 ................................. 202
C13F.Upper Cape Fear aquifer (North Carolina) and
the Charleston aquifer (South Carolina)
(layer 13), in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of
North and South Carolina and parts of Virginia
and Georgia, 2007 ................................. 203
C13G.Lower Cape Fear aquifer (North Carolina) and
the Gramling aquifer (South Carolina) (layer 15),
in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South
Carolina and parts of Virginia and Georgia,
2007 .............................................. 204
C13H.Lower Cretaceous confining unit and Lower
Cretaceous aquifer (North Carolina) (layer 16),
in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North Carolina
and parts of Virginia, 2007 ....................... 205
C14. Graph showing observed and simulated water levels
for 1980 calibration in the Atlantic Coastal
Plain of North and South Carolina and parts of
Virginia and Georgia .............................. 206
C15. Graph showing water-level residuals and
simulated water levels for 1980 calibration in
the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South
Carolina and parts of Virginia and Georgia ........ 206
С16. Maps showing simulated water levels and water-
level residuals for 1980 calibration for the-
C16A.Yorktown aquifer (North Carolina) and the Upper
Floridan aquifer (South Carolina) (layer 3), in
the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South
Carolina and parts of Virginia and Georgia,
2007 .............................................. 207
C16B.Castle Hayne aquifer (North Carolina) and the
Middle Floridan aquifer (South Carolina)
(layer 5), in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North
and South Carolina and parts of Virginia and
Georgia, 2007 ..................................... 208
C16C.Beaufort aquifer (North Carolina) and the
Gordon aquifer (South Carolina) (layer 7), in
the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South
Carolina and parts of Virginia and Georgia,
2007 .............................................. 209
C16D.Peedee aquifer (North Carolina) and the Crouch
Branch aquifer (South Carolina) (layer 9), in
the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South
Carolina and parts of Georgia, 2007 ............... 210
C16E.Black Creek aquifer (North Carolina) and the
McQueen Branch aquifer (South Carolina)
(layer 11), in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of
North and South Carolina and parts of Virginia
and Georgia, 2007 ................................. 211
C16F.Upper Cape Fear aquifer (North Carolina) and
the Charleston aquifer (South Carolina)
(layer 13), in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of
North and South Carolina and parts of Virginia
and Georgia, 2007 ................................. 212
C16G.Lower Cape Fear aquifer (North Carolina) and
the Gramling aquifer (South Carolina)
(layer 15), in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of
North and South Carolina and parts of Virginia
and Georgia, 2007 ................................. 213
C16H.Lower Cretaceous confining unit and the Lower
Cretaceous aquifer in North Carolina (layer 16),
in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North Carolina
and parts of Virginia, 2007 ....................... 214
C17. Graph showing observed and simulated water
levels for 2004 calibration in the Atlantic
Coastal Plain of North and South Carolina and
parts of Virginia and Georgia ..................... 216
C18. Graph showing water-level residuals and
simulated water levels for 2004 calibration in
the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South
Carolina and parts of Virginia and Georgia ........ 216
C19. Maps showing simulated water levels and water-
level residuals for 2004 calibration for the-
C19A.Yorktown aquifer (North Carolina) and the Upper
Floridan aquifer (South Carolina) (layer 3), in
the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South
Carolina and parts of Virginia and Georgia,
2007 .............................................. 217
C19B.Castle Hayne aquifer (North Carolina) and the
Middle Floridan aquifer (South Carolina)
(layer 5), in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of
North and South Carolina and parts of Virginia
and Georgia, 2007 ................................. 218
C19C.Beaufort aquifer (North Carolina) and the
Gordon aquifer (South Carolina) (layer 7),
in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South
Carolina and parts of Virginia and Georgia,
2007 .............................................. 219
C19D.Peedee aquifer (North Carolina) and the Crouch
Branch aquifer (South Carolina) (layer 9), in
the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South
Carolina and parts of Georgia, 2007 ............... 220
C19E.Black Creek aquifer (North Carolina) and the
McQueen Branch aquifer (South Carolina)
(layer 11), in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of
North and South Carolina and parts of Virginia
and Georgia, 2007 ................................. 221
C19F.Upper Cape Fear aquifer (North Carolina) and
the Charleston aquifer (South Carolina)
(layer 13), in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of
North and South Carolina and parts of Virginia
and Georgia, 2007 ................................. 222
C19G.Lower Cape Fear aquifer (North Carolina) and
the Gramling aquifer (South Carolina)
(layer 15), in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of
North and South Carolina and parts of Virginia
and Georgia, 2007 ................................. 223
C19H.Lower Cretaceous confining unit and the Lower
Cretaceous aquifer (North Carolina) (layer 16),
in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North Carolina
and parts of Virginia, 2007 ....................... 224
C20. Map showing locations of wells in the Atlantic
Coastal Plain of North and South Carolina and
southeastern Georgia with continuous observed
groundwater levels, 2007 .......................... 225
C21. Hydrographs of simulated and observed water
levels for the- C21A. Yorktown aquifer (North
Carolina) and Upper Floridan aquifer (South
Carolina) ......................................... 226
C21B.Castle Hayne aquifer (North Carolina) and
Middle Floridan aquifer (South Carolina) .......... 227
C21C.Beaufort aquifer (North Carolina) and Gordon
aquifer (South Carolina) .......................... 228
C21D.Peedee aquifer in North Carolina .................. 229
C21E.Crouch Branch aquifer in South Carolina ........... 230
C21F.Black Creek aquifer in North Carolina ............. 231
C21G.McQueen Branch aquifer in South Carolina .......... 232
C21H.Upper Cape Fear aquifer in North Carolina ......... 233
C21I.Charleston aquifer in South Carolina .............. 234
C21J.Lower Cape Fear aquifer in North Carolina ......... 235
C22. Graph showing simulated groundwater budget per
model stress period from predevelopment to 2004
in the Atlantic Coastal Plain aquifers of North
and South Carolina and parts of Virginia and
Georgia ........................................... 236
C23. Graphs showing relative composite sensitivities
for aquifer parameters and aquifer-parameter
pilot points ...................................... 237
Tables
Chapter A
A1. Statistics for analysis of effects of climate
variability on groundwater levels in the Atlantic
Coastal Plain of North and South Carolina .................. 33
A2. Prediction standard-error statistics for the analysis of
the groundwater level monitoring networks in the Atlantic
Coastal Plain of North Carolina, South Carolina, and
parts of eastern Georgia and southern Virginia ............. 41
Chapter В
B1. Model layers and Atlantic Coastal Plain hydrogeologic
units for southern Virginia, North Carolina, South
Carolina, and eastern Georgia .............................. 54
B2. Wells used in cross sections on Plates 1-7 ................. 58
Chapter С
C1. Model layers in relation to Atlantic Coastal Plain
hydrogeologic units in North Carolina, South Carolina,
eastern Georgia, and southern Virginia .................... 167
C2. Median and maximum model-layer thicknesses in the
Atlantic Coastal Plain model simulating groundwater
flow, predevelopment to 2004, in North and South
Carolina and parts of Virginia and Georgia ................ 167
C3. Descriptions of precipitation stations in part of the
Atlantic Coastal Plain in South Carolina and Georgia ...... 170
C4. Ranges of reported aquifer transmissivity, and
calculated and simulated hydraulic conductivities for
the aquifers in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and
South Carolina and parts of Virginia and Georgia .......... 179
C5. Streamflow and baseflow data used in model calibration
and calibrated streambed conductance for selected sites
in South Carolina and Georgia ............................. 188
C6. Calibrated hydraulic conductivity values, and calibrated
values of specific yield, specific storage, and vertical
anisotropy in the model layers representing the aquifers
and confining units in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of
North and South Carolina and parts of Virginia and
Georgia ................................................... 196
C7. Statistics for model calibration based on predevelopment
conditions for aquifers in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of
North and South Carolina and parts of Virginia and
Georgia ................................................... 197
C8. Statistics for model calibration based on 1980
conditions for aquifers in the Atlantic Coastal Plain
of North and South Carolina and parts of Virginia and
Georgia ................................................... 206
C9. Statistics for model calibration based on 2004
conditions for aquifers in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of
North and South Carolina and parts of Virginia and
Georgia ................................................... 216
C10.Observed and simulated mean annual baseflows for
selected streamgages in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of
South Carolina and parts of Georgia ....................... 235
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