Preface ........................................................ xv
1 Programmed Cell Death in Protozoa: An Evolutionary Point
of View. The Example of Kinetoplastid Parasites .............. 1
Miguel A. Fuertes, Paul A. Nguewa, Josefina Castilla,
Carlos Alonso and José Manuel Pérez Martin
The Example of PCD in Kinetoplastids as an Heritage of
Evolution ................................................. 2
The Hypothesis of PCD in Trypanosomatids as an
Adaptative Mechanism and a Defence Strategy ............... 3
Future Prospects .......................................... 4
2 Programmed Cell Death in Protists without Mitochondria:
The Missing Link ............................................. 7
Claude-Olivier Sarde and Alberto Roseto
Life Origin ............................................... 7
How PCD Was Born ......................................... 11
PCD in Bacteria and Mitochondriate Unicellular
Organisms ................................................ 15
PCD in Amitochondriate Unicellular Organisms ............. 18
Perspectives ............................................. 19
3 Programmed Cell Death and Trypanosomatids: A Brief Review ... 24
Maria de Nazaré C. Soeiro and Elen M. de Souza
Programmed Cell Death .................................... 24
Programmed Cell Death in Unicellular Eukaryotes .......... 25
Programmed Cell Death in Trypanosomatids ................. 26
Final Considerations ..................................... 35
4 Programmed Cell Death in African Trypanosomes ............... 39
Katherine Figarella, Néstor L. Uzcátegui, Viola
Denninger, Susan Welburn and Michael Duszenko
General Features of Trypanosoma brucei ................... 39
Programmed Cell Death in Multicellular and Unicellular
Organisms ................................................ 41
Programmed Cell Death Phenotype in Trypanosoma brucei .... 41
Central Role of ROS in Trypanosomal PCD .................. 43
Physiological Relevance of PCD in Trypanosoma brucei ..... 45
5 Molecular Analysis of Programmed Cell Death by DNA
Topoisomerase Inhibitors in Kinetoplastid Parasite
Leishmania .................................................. 49
Nilkantha Sen, Bijoylaxmi Banerjee and Hemanta
K. Majumder
DNA Topoisomerases in Kinetoplastid Parasites—Why So
Unique? .................................................. 49
Role of DNA Topoisomerases in Kinetoplastids ............. 51
DNA Topoisomerases as a Potential Target for Apoptosis ... 51
Significance of Apoptosis in Kinetoplastid Parasites ..... 52
DNA Topoisomerase Mediated Apoptosis in Kinetoplastids
Significantly Differs from Mammalian Cells ............... 52
Apoptosis in Kinetoplastid Parasites by DNA
Topoisomerase Inhibitors ................................. 54
6 DNA Metalio-Intercalators with Leishmanicidal Activity ...... 59
Maribel Navarro, Gonzalo Visbal and Edgar Marchán
Programmed Cell Death (PCD) in Trypanosomatids ........... 60
PCD by Antileishmanial Drugs ............................. 61
Other Leishmanicidal Drugs ............................... 63
Transition Metal Complexes as Antileishmanial Agents ..... 65
DNA as Leishmanicidal Target ............................. 66
7 Programmed Cell Death during Malaria Parasite Infection
of the Vertebrate Host and Mosquito Vector .................. 74
Luke A. Baton, Emma Warr, Seth A. Hoffman and George
Dimopoulos
The Life Cycle of Plasmodium ............................. 75
What Are PCD and Apoptosis? .............................. 75
PCD within Malaria Parasites Themselves .................. 76
PCD of Vertebrate Host Cells Associated with Malaria
Infection ................................................ 80
PCD in Mosquito Vector Cells Associated with Malaria
Parasite Infection ....................................... 84
8 In Search of Atropos' Scissors: Severing the Life-Thread
of Plasmodium ............................................... 91
Marcel Deponte
Things to Know about Plasmodium and Malaria .............. 91
Metacaspases as Putative Executors of Cell Death ......... 92
Metacaspase Structure and Function: The Devil Is in the
Details .................................................. 94
The Metacaspase Core Domain Is Flanked by a Plasmodium
Specific N-Terminal Sequence ............................. 95
9 Cell Death in Trichomonads .................................. 97
Marlene Benchimol
Trichomonas Structure ................................... 101
Pseudocyst .............................................. 101
Motility ................................................ 101
Detection of Apoptosis-Like Death in Trichomonads ....... 102
Second Pathway .......................................... 103
Transmembrane Potential Disruption ...................... 103
Plasma Membrane Blebbing and Apoptotic Bodies ........... 103
Hydrogenosomes .......................................... 103
Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Complex Behavior ........ 105
Lysosomes and Vacuoles .................................. 106
Cytoskeleton ............................................ 106
Nucleus Behavior ........................................ 106
Induction of Cell Death in Trichomonads ................. 107
Autophagy ............................................... 107
Necrosis ................................................ 108
10 Programmed Cell Death and the Enteric Protozoan Parasite
Blastocysts hominis: Perspectives and Prospects ............ 116
Kevin S.W. Tan
PCD in Blastocystis—Apoptotic and Non-Apoptotic
Features ................................................ 117
Caspase and Mitochondrial Involvement ................... 119
Alternate Deathstyles of Blastocystis—More than One
Way to Kill a Parasite? ................................. 120
Apoptosis of Host Cells by Blastocystis ................. 121
Implications and Future Directions ...................... 122
11 Programmed Cell Death in Dinoflagellates ................... 126
Maria Segovia
Which Cell Death Morphology: Apoptotic, Necrotic,
"Necrotic-Like" or Paraptotic? .......................... 128
Signalling the Pathway: The Oxidative Burst ............. 132
Ecological Relevance of ROS: Coral Bleaching ............ 134
Metacaspases: Killers of the Cell ....................... 135
Where Did the PCD Genes Come From? ...................... 137
12 Programmed Nuclear Death and Other Apoptotic-Like
Phenomena in Ciliated Protozoa ............................. 143
Ana Martín González, Silvia Díaz, Andrea Gallego and
Juan C. Gutiérrez
Introduction: Ciliate Organization Indicate That They
Are Singular Eukaryotic Microorganisms .................. 143
A Complex Life Cycle with Diverse Alternatives .......... 145
Nuclear Phenomena during Conjugation of Tetrahymena
Thermophila ............................................. 146
Programmed Nuclear Death during Conjugation in
Tetrahymena: An Apoptotic-Like Process? ................. 147
Different Involvement of Caspase-Like Activities in
Programmed Nuclear Death ................................ 149
Autophagosome Formation and Lysosomal Enzymes
Participate in Old Macronuclei Elimination .............. 150
Mitochondria Might Be also Involved in Tetrahymena's
PND ..................................................... 151
Other Cases of PND Described in Free-Living Ciliated
Protozoa ................................................ 152
Apoptotic-Like Processes Induced in Ciliates Support
the Autophagy Implication in PND ........................ 154
Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects ................. 155
Index ......................................................... 161
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