Chapter 1. General Concepts and Classification of
Explosives ........................................... 1
1.1. Safety Precautions in Handling Explosives .................. 3
1.2. Initiating Devices ......................................... 4
1.2.1. Initiation of High Explosive Charges ................ 8
Chapter 2. Sensitivity of Explosives ........................... 11
2.1. Determination of the Heat Sensitivity of Explosives ....... 11
2.2. Determination of the Sensitivity of Explosives to
Electric Spark ............................................ 15
2.3. Determination of the Adiabatic Sensitivity of
Explosives ................................................ 17
2.4. Sensitivity of Explosives to Mechanical Stimuli ........... 21
2.4.1. Determination of Impact Sensitivity ................ 21
2.4.2. Determination of Friction Sensitivity .............. 27
2.4.3. Determination of the Sensitivity to Fragment
Impact ............................................. 29
2.4.4. Determination of Impact Vulnerability .............. 33
2.5. Determination of the Initiating Strength of Primary
Explosives ................................................ 35
2.6. Determination of the Sensitivity of High Explosives to
Detonators ................................................ 37
2.7. Shock Wave Initiation of Detonation ....................... 40
2.7.1. Wedge Test for Determination of the Shock Wave
Initiation Sensitivity ............................. 41
2.7.2. Gap Test for Determination of the Shock Wave
Initiation Sensitivity ............................. 45
2.7.3. Determination of the Transmission of Detonation
in Open Air ........................................ 47
2.7.4. Determination of the Transmission of Detonation
in Confinement ..................................... 50
2.7.5. Determination of the Transmission of Detonation
on a Free Surface .................................. 51
2.8. Determination of Blasting and Technical Characteristics
of Detonators ............................................. 52
2.8.1. Determination of the Sensitivity of Flash
Detonators to Open Flame ........................... 53
2.8.2. Determination of the Sensitivity of Stab
Detonators to the Firing Pin ....................... 56
2.8.3. Lead Block Test for Determination of the
Initiating Strength of Detonators .................. 58
2.8.4. Lead Plate Test for Determination of the
Initiating Strength of Detonators .................. 59
2.8.5. Copper Crusher Compression Test for Determination
of the Initiating Strength of Detonators ........... 60
2.8.6. The Sevran Method for Determination of the
Initiating Strength of Detonators .................. 62
2.8.7. Haid's Method for Determination of the Initiating
Strength of Detonators ............................. 65
2.9. Determination of the Initiating Strength of Boosters ...... 67
Chapter 3. Combustion of Explosives ............................ 71
3.1. Determination of the Combustion Pressure at Constant
Volume Conditions ......................................... 73
3.2. Determination of the Composition and the Volume of
Combustion Products ....................................... 79
3.3. Determination of the Combustion Rate of Propellants at
Constant Pressure Conditions .............................. 83
3.4. Determination of the Heat of Combustion of Explosives ..... 87
Chapter 4. Detonation .......................................... 91
4.1. Determination of the Detonation Velocity .................. 93
4.1.1. The Dautriche Method for Determination of the
Detonation Velocity ................................ 94
4.1.2. Determination of the Detonation Velocity by
Optical Methods .................................... 97
4.1.3. Determination of the Detonation Velocity Using
Electronic Counter and Velocity Probes
Technique ......................................... 102
4.1.4. Determination of the Detonation Velocity Using
Oscilloscope and Velocity Probes Technique ........ 107
4.1.5. Determination of the Detonation Velocity Using
Probe for Continuous Determination of Detonation
Velocity and Oscilloscope Technique ............... 109
4.1.6. Determination of the Detonation Velocity Using
Optical Fibres as Velocity Probes ................. 115
4.2. Determination of the Detonation Wave Parameters .......... 119
4.2.1. Flying Plate Test for Determination of the
Detonation Parameters ............................. 120
4.2.2. The Aquarium Test for Determination of the
Detonation Parameters ............................. 130
4.2.3. Determination of the Detonation Parameters Using
the Laser Technique ............................... 132
4.2.4. Determination of the Detonation Parameters Using
Electromagnetic Particle Velocity Gauge
Technique ......................................... 135
4.2.5. Determination of the Detonation Wave Parameters
Using Flash X-Ray Photography ..................... 141
4.2.6. Determination of the Detonation Pressure Using a
Manganin Pressure Gauge ........................... 145
4.2.7. Determination of the Detonation Pressure Using a
Polyvinylfluoride-Based Pressure Gauge ............ 151
4.2.8. Determination of the Detonation Parameters by
the Laser Interferometry Technique ................ 153
4.3. Determination of the Detonation Temperature .............. 157
4.3.1. Determination of Detonation Temperature Using a
Two-Colour Optical Fibre Pyrometer ................ 159
4.4. Determination of the Composition of Detonation
Products ................................................. 163
Chapter 5. Working Capacity of Explosives ..................... 166
5.1. Lead Block Test for Determination of the Strength of
Explosives ............................................... 171
5.2. Determination of Explosive Strength Using the Ballistic
Mortar ................................................... 176
5.3. Determination of Explosive Strength by Underwater
Detonation ............................................... 182
5.4. Determination of Explosive Performances by the Double
Pipe Test ................................................ 185
5.5. Determination of the Parameters of Explosive Effects
from the Cylinder Expansion Test ......................... 188
5.6. Determination of the Brisance by the Hess Test ........... 200
5.7. Determination of the Brisance by Kast's Method ........... 202
5.8. Determination of the Brisance by the Plate-Denting
Test ..................................................... 203
5.9. Determination of the Shock Wave Parameters ............... 206
5.9.1. Determination of the Shock Wave Pressure .......... 208
5.9.2. Determination of the Shock Wave Velocity .......... 211
References .................................................... 216
Subject Index ................................................. 222
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