Preface ...................................................... xiii
Introduction ................................................... xv
Alan Smith
Section One. Gas Detectors
Proportional Counters
An electrical method of counting the number of a particles
from radio-active substances .................................... 3
E. Rutherford, H. Geiger (Proceedings of the Royal Society
of London A 1908)
The use of multiwire proportional counters to select and
localize charged particles ..................................... 24
G. Charpak, R. Bouclier, T. Bressani, J. Favier,
Č. Zupančič (Nuclear Instruments and Methods 1968)
Analysis of potential distribution in a gaseous counter of
rectangular cross-section ...................................... 31
T. Tomitani (Nuclear Instruments and Methods 1972)
Position-Sensitive Proportional Counters
Design and properties of position-sensitive proportional
counters using resistance-capacitance position encoding ........ 44
C.J. Borkowski, M.K. Kopp (Review of Scientific
Instruments 1975)
The position sensitive proportional counter of the Rosat
telescope ...................................................... 56
U.G. Briel, E. Pfeffermann (Nuclear Instruments and
Methods in Physics Research A 1986)
Gas Scintillation Proportional Counters
Improves resolution for low energies with gas proportional
scintillation counters ......................................... 62
A.J.P.L. Policarpo, M.A.F. Alves, M.C.M. Dos Santos,
M.J.T. Carvalho (Nuclear Instruments and Methods 1972)
Energy resolution limitations in a gas scintillation
proportional counter ........................................... 74
D.G. Simons, P.A.J. de Korte, A. Peacock, J.A.M. Bleeker
(in X-Ray Instrumentation in Astronomy, J.L. Culhane,
editor, 1985)
An imaging gas scintillation proportional counter for the
detection of subkiloelectron-volt x-rays ....................... 83
Charles J. Hailey, William H.-M. Ku, Michael
H. Vartanian (IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 1982)
High pressure gas scintillation drift chambers with
wave-shifter readout ........................................... 87
B. Sadoulet, Т.К. Edberg, S. Weiss, A. Parsons,
J. Wilkerson, K. Hurley, R.P. Lin, G. Smith (in EUV,
X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Instrumentation for Astronomy and
Atomic Physics, C.J. Hailey and O.H.W. Siegmund,
editors, 1989)
Penning Detectors
The starting potential of the glow discharge in neon argon
mixtures between large parallel plates. II. Discussion of
the ionisation and excitation by electrons and metastable
atoms .......................................................... 99
F.M. Penning (Physica 1934)
Energy resolution of the proportional counter ................. 116
Heikki Sipilä (Nuclear Instruments and Methods 1976)
The performance of the Penning gas imager ..................... 118
Jon S. Lapington, David M. Walton, Hugo E. Schwarz
(Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research
A 1988)
Microstrip Detectors
Position-sensitive detector with microstrip anode for
electron multiplication with gases ............................ 124
A. Oed (Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics
Research A 1988)
Features of the microstrip proportional counter technology .... 133
Carl Budtz-Jørgensen (Review of Scientific Instruments
1992)
Section Two. Photocathode detectors
Photocathodes
&Uber;ber einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes
betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt ...................... 143
A. Einstein (Annalen der Physik 1905)
Photoelectric emission from thin films of cesium .............. 160
L.R. Koller (Physical Review 1930)
The photoelectric emission of thin films ...................... 169
N.R. Campbell (Philosophical Magazine 1931)
GaAs-Cs: a new type of photoemitter ........................... 182
J.J. Scheer, J. van Laar (Solid State Communications
1965)
Channel Electron Multipliers
Energy and spatial dependence of the electron detection
efficiencies of single channel electron multipliers used in
electron spectroscopy ......................................... 187
M.P. Seah, G.C. Smith (Review of Scientific Instruments
1991)
Photomultiplier Tubes
Ultrafast microchannel plate photomultipliers ................. 194
H. Kume, K. Koyama, K. Nakatsugawa, S. Suzuki, David
Fatlowitz (Applied Optics 1988)
New type of position sensitive photomultiplier ................ 203
Kei-ichi Kuroda, Daniel Sillou, Fujio Takeutchi (Review
of Scientific Instruments 1981)
Image Intensifiers, Including MicroChannel Plate Devices
Investigation of large format microchannel plate Z
configurations ................................................ 213
O.H.W. Siegmund, K. Coburn, R.F. Malina (IEEETransactions
on Nuclear Science 1985)
Wedge-and-strip anodes for centroid-finding position-
sensitive photon and particle detectors ....................... 218
C. Martin, P. Jelinsky, M. Lampton, R.F. Malina,
H.O. Anger (Review of Scientific Instruments 1981)
Performance characteristics of SPAN position readout
systems ....................................................... 226
J.S. Lapington, A.A. Breeveld, M.L. Edgar, A. Smith
(in EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Instrumentation for
Astronomy III, O.H.W. Siegmund, editor, 1992)
Multi-anode microchannel arrays ............................... 238
J. Gethyn Timothy, George H. Mount, Richard L. Bybee
(IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 1981)
Speckle imaging with the PAPA detector ........................ 247
Costas Papaliolios, Peter Nisenson, Steven Ebstein
(Applied Optics 1985)
The Ranicon: a resistive anode image converter ................ 253
Michael Lampton, Francesco Paresce (Review of Scientific
Instruments 1974)
Delay line anodes for microchannel-plate spectrometers ........ 261
M. Lampton, O. Siegmund, R. Raffanti (Review of
Scientific Instruments 1987)
The High Resolution Imaging instrument for HEAO-B ............. 269
K. Kubierschky, G.K. Austin, D.C. Harrison, A.G. Roy
(IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 1978)
Magnetic focusing of image tubes .............................. 276
W.A. Baum (in Photo-Electronic Image Devices, J.D. McGee
et al., editors, 1966)
The MIC photon counting detector .............................. 288
J.L.A. Fordham, J.G. Bellis, D.A. Bone, J.T. Norton (in
Electron Image Tubes and Image Intensifiers II,
I.P. Csorba, editor, 1991)
The University College London image photon counting system:
performance and observing configuration ....................... 300
A. Boksenberg, D.E. Burgess (in Astronomical Observations
with Television-Type Sensors, J.W. Glaspey and
G.A.H. Walker, editors, 1973)
Section Three. Scintillators
Alkali halide scintillation counters .......................... 325
Robert Hofstadter (Physical Review 1948)
CsI(Na) scintillation crystals ................................ 327
P. Brinckmann (Physics Letters 1965)
Bismuth germanate: a high-Z gamma-ray and charged particle
detector ...................................................... 328
O.H. Nestor, C.Y. Huang (IEEE Transactions on Nuclear
Science 1975)
The UCSD/MTT hard x-ray and low energy gamma-ray experiment
for HEAO-I: design and early results .......................... 332
James L. Matteson (in AIAA 16th Aerospace Sciences
Meeting 1978)
Development of the EXITE detector: a new imaging detector
for 20-300 keV astronomy ...................................... 340
M.R. Garcia, J.E. Grindlay, R. Burg, S.S. Murray,
J. Flanagan (IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 1986)
Section Four. Semiconductors
Silicon
Ion drift in an n-p junction .................................. 349
E.M. Pell (Journal of Applied Physics 1960)
The Goddard Space Flight Center Solid State Spectrometer for
the HEAO-B mission ............................................ 361
Robert M. Joyce, Robert H. Becker, Francis B. Birsa,
Stephen S. Holt, Marion P. Noordzy (IEEE Transactions on
Nuclear Science 1978)
Germanium
A preamplifier with 0.7 keV resolution for semiconductor
radiation detectors ........................................... 367
E. Elad (Nuclear Instruments and Methods 1965)
A satellite-borne high-resolution Ge(Li) gamma-ray
spectrometer system. Part 1: Description of the instrument
and gamma-ray backgrounds in earth orbit ...................... 370
G.H. Nakano, W.L. Imhof, R.G. Johnson (IEEE Transactions
on Nuclear Science 1974)
The HEAO 3 gamma-ray spectrometer ............................. 375
W.A. Mahoney, J.С Ling, A.S. Jacobson, R.M. Tapphorn
(Nuclear Instruments and Methods 1980)
GRIS background reduction results using isotopically
enriched Ge ................................................... 394
S.D. Barthelmy, L.M. Bartlett, N. Gehrels, M. Leventhal,
B.J. Teegarden, J. Tueller, S. Belyaev, V. Lebedev,
H.V. Klapdor-Kleingrothaus (Astrophysical Journal 1994)
Avalanche Photodiodes
Avalanche diode low energy x-ray and nuclear particle
detector ...................................................... 397
M.R. Squillante, R. Farrell, J.C. Lund, F. Sinclair,
G. Entine, K.R. Keller (IEEE Transactions on Nuclear
Science 1986)
Solid-State Photomultipliers
Solid state infrared quantum counters ......................... 401
N. Bloembergen (Physical Review Letters 1959)
Detection of individual 0.4-28 цт wavelength photons via
impurity-impact ionization in a solid-state
photomultiplier ............................................... 403
M.D. Petroff, M.G. Stapelbroek, W.A. Kleinhans (Applied
Physics Letters 1987)
Silicon Drift Chambers
Semiconductor drift chamber—an application of a novel
charge transport scheme ....................................... 406
Emilio Gatti, Pavel Rehak (Nuclear Instruments and
Methods in Physics Research A 1984)
Progress in semiconductor drift detectors ..................... 413
Pavel Rehak, Jack Walton, Emilio Gatti, Antonio Longoni,
Marco Sanpietro, Josef Kemmer, Hans Dietl, Peter Holl,
Robert Klanner, Gerhard Lutz, Andrew Wylie, Hubert
Becker (Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics
Research A 1986)
Charge-Coupled Devices
Charge coupled semiconductor devices .......................... 425
W.S. Boyle, G.E. Smith (Bell System Technical Journal
1970)
X-ray sensitivity of a charge-coupled-device array ............ 432
M.C. Peckerar, W.D. Baker, D.J. Nagel (Journal of Applied
Physics 1977)
Charge coupled devices for x-ray spectroscopy applications .... 437
E.G. Chowanietz, D.H. Lumb, A.A. Wells (in X-Ray
Instrumentation in Astronomy, J.L. Culhane, editor, 1985)
Performance of the pn-CCD x-ray detector system designed
for the XMM satellite mission ................................. 445
H. Soltau, P. Holl, J. Kemmer, S. Krisch, C.v. Zanthier,
D. Hauff, R. Richter, H. Bräuninger, R. Hartmann,
G. Hartner, N. Krause, N. Meidinger, E. Pfeffermann,
С. Reppin, G. Schwaab, L. Strüder, J. Trümper,
E. Kendziorra, J. Krämer (Nuclear Instruments and Methods
in Physics Research A 1996)
Room-Temperature Semiconductors
CdTe
Halogen-doped cadmium telluride for detection of gamma rays ... 451
F.V. Wald, R.O. Bell (Nature Physical Science 1972)
Undoped high-resistivity cadmium telluride for nuclear
radiation detectors ........................................... 453
R. Triboulet, Y. Marfaing, A. Cornet, P. Siffert (Journal
of Applied Physics 1974)
HgI2
Die Darstellung grofier baufehlerarmer Hgl2-Einkristalle für
die γ-Spektrometrie ........................................... 460
H. Scholz (in Unsere Forschung in Deutschland 1980)
Review of mercuric iodide development program in Santa
Barbara ....................................................... 466
H.A. Lamonds (Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics
Research 1983)
Mercury iodide as a gamma spectrometer ........................ 474
W.R. Willig (Nuclear Instruments and Methods 1971)
Advances in the development of encapsulants for mercuric
iodide x-ray detectors ........................................ 476
J.S. Iwanczyk, Y.J. Wang, J.G. Bradley, A.L. Albee,
W.F. Schnepple (IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
1990)
A HgI2 x-ray instrument for the Soviet Mars'94 mission ........ 481
Т.Е. Economou, J.S. Iwanczyk, R. Rieder (Nuclear
Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 1992)
GaAs
High-resolution nuclear radiation detectors from epitaxial
n-GaAs ........................................................ 487
J.E. Eberhardt, R.D. Ryan, A.J. Tavendale (Applied
Physics Letters 1970)
Evaluation of epitaxial n-GaAs for nuclear radiation
detection ..................................................... 490
J.E. Eberhardt, R.D. Ryan, A.J. Tavendale (Nuclear
Instruments and Methods 1971)
Section Five. Cryogenic Detectors
Microcalorimeters
Application of low temperature calorimetry to radioactive
measurements .................................................. 507
F. Simon (Nature 1935)
Thermal detectors as x-ray spectrometers ...................... 508
S.H. Moseley, J.С Mather, D. McCammon (Journal of Applied
Physics 1984)
Experimental tests of a single-photon calorimeter for x-ray
spectroscopy .................................................. 514
D. McCammon, S.H. Moseley, J.С Mather, R.F. Mushotzky
(Journal of Applied Physics 1984)
Thermal calorimeters for high resolution x-ray spectroscopy ... 518
D. McCammon, W. Cui, M. Juda, J. Morgenthaler, J. Zhang,
R.L. Kelley, S.S. Holt, G.M. Madejski, S.H. Moseley,
A.E. Szymkowiak (Nuclear Instruments and Methods in
Physics Research A 1993)
Superconducting Tunnel Junctions
Giaever-type superconducting tunnelling junctions as
high-resolution x-ray detectors ............................... 527
D. Twerenbold (Europhysics Letters 1986)
High resolution x-ray spectroscopy with superconducting
tunnel junctions .............................................. 533
H. Kraus, J. Jochum, B. Kemmather, M. Gutsche,
F.V. Feilitzsch, R.L. Mössbauer (Nuclear Instruments and
Methods in Physics Research A 1993)
Optical photon counting using superconducting tunnel
junctions ..................................................... 541
M.A.C. Perryman, C.L. Foden, A. Peacock (Nuclear
Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 1993)
Section Six. Theory
On the theory of ionization yield of radiations in
different substances .......................................... 551
U. Fano (Physical Review 1946)
Ionization yield of radiations. II. The fluctuations of the
number of ions ................................................ 560
U. Fano (Physical Review 1947)
Scintillation camera .......................................... 564
Hal O. Anger (Review of Scientific Instruments 1958)
Author Index .................................................. 571
Subject Index ................................................. 573
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