Patnaik P. Handbook of environmental analysis: chemical pollutants in air, water, soil, and solid wastes. - 2nd ed. - Boca Raton: CRC; London: Taylor & Francis Group, 2010. - xxxviii, 786 p.: ill. - Incl. bibl. ref. and index. - ISBN 978-1-420-06581-7  Место хранения:   07 | Центральная библиотека Красноярского научного центра СО РАН | Красноярск

Оглавление / Contents

List of Tables .............................................. xxiii Preface ..................................................... xxvii Preface to the First Edition ................................. xxix Acknowledgments .............................................. xxxi Author ..................................................... xxxiii Glossary of Terms: Units, Conversions, and Abbreviations ..... xxxv PART I Analytical Techniques 1. Introduction ................................................ 3 2. Precision and Accuracy of Analysis .......................... 7 Quality Assurance and Quality Control in Environmental Analysis .................................................... 7 Precision and Accuracy ...................................... 8 Control Charts ............................................. 17 3. Analysis of Organic Pollutants by Gas Chromatography ....... 21 Selection of Column ........................................ 22 Detectors .................................................. 25 Calibration ................................................ 26 Calculations ............................................ 27 External Standard Calibration ........................ 27 Alternative Calculation ................................. 29 Internal Standard Method ............................. 29 Routine Analysis ........................................... 30 4. Analysis of Organic Pollutants by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry ............................................... 31 Terms and Definitions ...................................... 31 Application of Mass Spectrometry ........................... 32 Interpretation of Mass Spectra .......................... 33 Number of Carbon Atoms .................................. 35 "Nitrogen Rule" ......................................... 36 Index of Hydrogen Deficiency ............................ 36 Determination of Molecular Formula ...................... 36 Chemical Ionization ..................................... 38 Limitation of GC/MS Analysis ............................ 39 U.S. EPA Methods ........................................... 39 Volatile Organics by Purge and Trap Method ................. 40 Semivolatile Organics ...................................... 41 Tuning .................................................. 42 Compound Identification .................................... 44 Calibration ............................................. 45 References ................................................. 47 5. Extraction of Organic Pollutants and Sample Cleanup ........ 49 Sample Extraction .......................................... 49 Liquid-Liquid Extraction ................................... 49 Solid Phase Extraction .................................. 51 Soxhlet Extraction ...................................... 51 Supercritical Fluid Extraction .......................... 52 Cleanup .................................................... 52 Acid-Base Partitioning .................................. 53 Alumina Column Cleanup .................................. 54 Silica Gel Cleanup ...................................... 54 Florisil Column Cleanup ................................. 55 Gel-Permeation Cleanup .................................. 55 Sulfur Cleanup .......................................... 55 Permanganate-Sulfuric Acid Cleanup ...................... 56 6. Titrimetric Analysis ....................................... 57 Acid-Base Titration ........................................ 58 Calculation ................................................ 61 Oxidation-Reduction Titrations ............................. 64 Standardization of Oxidants ............................. 68 Reducing Agent .......................................... 69 Oxidation-Reduction Indicators ............................. 70 lodometric Titration ....................................... 71 Role of Potassium Iodide ................................ 74 Reducing Agent .......................................... 74 Standardization of Na2S203 ............................... 75 Starch Indicator ........................................ 76 Argentometric Titration .................................... 77 Complexometric Titrations .................................. 80 Potentiometric Titration ................................... 82 End Point Detection ..................................... 83 7. Colorimetric Analysis ...................................... 85 8. Analysis of Metals by Atomic Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy ............................................... 89 Atomic Spectroscopy: An Overview ........................ 90 Sample Digestion for Metals ............................. 91 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry .......................... 92 Chelation-Extraction Method .......................... 94 Hydride Generation Method ............................ 95 Cold Vapor Method for Mercury Determination .......... 95 Accuracy in Quantitation ................................ 96 Standard Addition .................................... 97 Atomic Emission Plasma Spectroscopy ..................... 98 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry ............ 98 9. Ion-Selective Electrodes Analysis ......................... 103 Environmental Sample Analysis ............................. 104 Standard Calibration Method ............................ 105 Standard Addition Method ............................... 106 Sample Addition Method ................................. 108 10. Application of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography in Environmental Analysis .................................... 109 11. Ion Chromatography ........................................ 115 References ................................................ 119 12. Air Analysis .............................................. 121 Sampling Plan ............................................. 121 Air Sampling ........................................... 122 Direct Collection of Air ............................ 122 Use of Adsorbent Tubes .............................. 123 Air Sampling for Particulates and Inorganic Substances .......................................... 124 Flow Rate .............................................. 125 Chemical Analysis ......................................... 125 Calculation ............................................... 126 13. Application of Immunoassay Techniques in Environmental Analysis .................................................. 131 Extraction ................................................ 133 Calculation ............................................... 133 PART II Specific Classes of Substances and Aggregate Properties 14. Aldehydes and Ketones ..................................... 137 Derivatization with 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine ............ 139 Chromatographic Columns and Conditions ................. 141 Sample Collection and Holding Time ..................... 141 Air Analysis .............................................. 141 15. Alkalinity ................................................ 145 Calculation ............................................... 145 16. Bromide ................................................... 147 Phenol Red Colorimetric Method ............................ 147 Procedure .............................................. 148 Reagents ............................................... 148 Titrimetric Method ........................................ 148 Determination of Bromide Plus Iodide ................ 149 Procedure ........................................... 149 Determination of Iodide ............................. 150 Calculation ...................................... 150 17. Chloride .................................................. 153 Mercuric Nitrate Titrimetric Method ....................... 153 Procedure .............................................. 154 Reagents ............................................... 154 Argentometric Titrimetric Method .......................... 155 Procedure .............................................. 155 Reagents ............................................... 156 Automated Ferricyanide Colorimetric Method ................ 156 Procedure .............................................. 156 Reagents ............................................... 157 Gravimetric Determination of Chloride ..................... 157 Procedure .............................................. 157 Calculation ............................................ 158 18. Cyanate ................................................... 159 Calculation ............................................... 159 Procedure ................................................. 160 19. Cyanide, Total ............................................ 161 Silver Nitrate Titrimetric Method ......................... 161 Procedure .............................................. 162 Reagents ............................................... 162 Colorimetric Method ....................................... 162 Procedure .............................................. 163 Preparation of Cyanide Standards and Calibration Curve .... 165 Reagents ............................................... 166 Determination of Cyanide in Soil, Sediment, and Solid Waste ..................................................... 166 Cyanides in Aerosol and Gas ............................... 167 20. Cyanide Amenable to Chlorination .......................... 169 Procedure ................................................. 169 Alternative Procedure ..................................... 170 Reagents .................................................. 171 21. Emerging Pollutants: Nonionic Surfactants—Alkylphenols and Their Ethoxylates ..................................... 173 Structures ................................................ 174 Sample Extractions and Analysis: General Discussion ....... 175 SPE-LC/MS Method (Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)) ............................... 178 SPE-GC/MS Method ....................................... 179 References ................................................ 182 22. Emerging Pollutants: Organophosphate Flame Retardants, Plasticizers, and Lubricants .............................. 183 Analysis of Indoor Dust ................................... 188 References ................................................ 188 23. Emerging Pollutants: Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products .................................................. 191 U.S. EPA Method 1694 ...................................... 191 Summary of the Method .................................. 191 Sample Preparation ........................................ 195 Sample Cleanup ............................................ 201 LC-MS/MS Analysis ......................................... 201 Qualitative Determination and Quantification .............. 202 Quality Assurance/Quality Control ......................... 203 Sample Collection, Preservation, and Holding Time ......... 204 References ................................................ 204 24. Emerging Pollutants: Steroids and Hormones ................ 207 Outline oi the Procedure .................................. 207 Sample Collection, Preservation, and Storage .............. 209 GC Conditions ............................................. 210 MS Conditions ............................................. 210 Calibration and Quantitation .............................. 211 Quality Control ........................................... 215 References ................................................ 215 25. Fluorides ................................................. 217 Colorimetric SPADNS Method ................................ 217 Procedure .............................................. 218 Automated Colorimetric Method ............................. 218 26. Haloacetic Acids .......................................... 219 Alternative Methods ....................................... 220 References ................................................ 222 27. Halogenated Hydrocarbons .................................. 223 Solvent Extraction ........................................ 225 Sample Collection and Preservation ........................ 228 Internal Standards/Surrogates and Tuning Compounds ........ 229 Air Analysis .............................................. 229 28. Hardness .................................................. 233 Hardness Determinations ................................... 234 Calculation ............................................ 234 Titration .............................................. 234 29 Herbicides: Chlorophenoxy Acid ............................. 235 Analysis .................................................. 235 Sample Extraction ...................................... 235 Hydrolysis ............................................. 236 Esterification ......................................... 237 Gas Chromatographic Analysis ........................... 238 Air Analysis .............................................. 240 30. Herbicides: Glyphosate .................................... 243 Water Analysis ............................................ 243 HPLC Method ............................................ 243 Sampling and Storage ................................... 244 Detection Limit ........................................ 244 Miscellaneous Methods for Analysis of Glyphosate Residues in Water, Soil, Sludge, Fruit, and Vegetable Extracts .................................................. 245 References ................................................ 246 31. Hydrocarbons .............................................. 247 Analysis .................................................. 248 Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons ........................... 248 Gasoline Range Organics ................................ 249 Diesel Range Organics .................................. 250 32. Hydrocarbons, Polynuclear Aromatic ........................ 253 HPLC Columns and Conditions ............................... 255 GC Columns and Conditions ................................. 255 MS Conditions ............................................. 255 Sample Extraction and Cleanup ............................. 255 Air Analysis .............................................. 257 Reference ................................................. 258 33 Nitrogen (Ammonia) ........................................ 259 Sample Distillation ....................................... 259 Reagents ............................................... 260 Titrimetric Method ........................................ 260 Reagents ............................................... 261 Colorimetric Nesslerization Method ........................ 262 Procedure .............................................. 262 Calculation ............................................ 262 Reagents and Standards ................................. 263 Colorimetric Phenate Method ............................... 264 Procedure .............................................. 264 Calculation ............................................ 264 Reagents and Standards ................................. 265 Ion-Selective Electrode ................................ 266 Procedure ........................................... 267 Reagents and Standards .............................. 268 34 Nitrogen (Nitrate) ........................................ 269 Cadmium Reduction Method .................................. 269 Procedure .............................................. 270 Apparatus, Reagents, and Standards ..................... 271 Miscellaneous Reduction Method ............................ 271 Nitrate Electrode Method .................................. 272 Procedure .............................................. 272 Reagents ............................................... 272 35. Nitrosamines .............................................. 273 Extraction ................................................ 274 Analysis .................................................. 275 Air Analysis .............................................. 275 References ................................................ 277 36. Oil and Grease ............................................ 279 Partition-Gravimetry Method ............................... 280 Partition-Infrared Method ................................. 281 Solid Phase Partition-Gravimetric Method .................. 282 Hydrocarbons .............................................. 283 Sample Collection and Preservation ........................ 284 References ................................................ 284 37. Oxygen Demand, Biochemical ................................ 285 Graphical Calculation ..................................... 287 Method ................................................. 287 Measurement of Dissolved Oxygen ........................... 288 lodometric or Winkler Method ........................... 288 Electrode Method ....................................... 289 Kinetics of BOD Reaction .................................. 290 Reference ................................................. 291 38. Oxygen Demand, Chemical ................................... 293 Sample Treatment .......................................... 296 Colorimetric Analysis ..................................... 297 39. Oxyhalides ................................................ 299 Analysis of Oxyhalides by U.S. EPA Methods ................ 299 U.S. EPA Method 300.1 ..................................... 299 U.S. EPA Method 317.0 ..................................... 301 Interference ........................................... 301 Sample Collection, Preservation, and Storage ........... 302 Quality Control ........................................ 302 Miscellaneous Methods ..................................... 303 References ................................................ 303 40. Pesticides: Carbamate, Urea, and Triazine ................. 305 Carbamate Pesticides ...................................... 306 LC Columns ............................................. 306 Chromatographic Conditions ............................. 307 Hydrolysis Conditions .................................. 307 Postcolumn Derivatization Conditions ................... 308 Fluorometer Conditions ................................. 308 Extraction ............................................. 308 Urea Pesticides ........................................... 309 Column ................................................. 310 Liquid Chromatograph ................................... 310 Mass Spectrometer ...................................... 310 Precision and Accuracy ................................. 311 Triazine Pesticides ....................................... 311 Sample Extraction ...................................... 312 41. Pesticides: Organochlorine ................................ 315 Sample Extraction ......................................... 315 Analysis .................................................. 318 Air Analysis .............................................. 322 References ................................................ 322 42. Pesticides: Organophosphorus .............................. 323 Analysis of Aqueous and Solid Samples ..................... 324 Sample Extraction ...................................... 327 Air Analysis .............................................. 329 43. pH and Eh ................................................. 331 Eh ........................................................ 333 44. Phenols ................................................... 337 Extraction ................................................ 338 Analysis .................................................. 339 Derivatization ......................................... 339 Air Analysis .............................................. 342 45. Phosphorus ................................................ 343 Analysis .................................................. 343 Sample Presentation ....................................... 343 Colorimetric Analysis ..................................... 345 Interference ........................................... 346 Calibration Standards .................................. 346 Ion Chromatography ........................................ 346 46. Phthalate Esters .......................................... 349 Air Analysis .............................................. 351 47. Polychlorinated Biphenyls ................................. 353 Quantitation .............................................. 355 Sample Extraction and Cleanup ............................. 356 Alternate Analytical Methods .............................. 357 Air Analysis .............................................. 357 48. Polychlorinated Dioxins and Dibenzofurans ................. 359 Analysis .................................................. 359 Sample Extraction and Cleanup ............................. 360 Acid-Base Partitioning ................................. 360 Alumina Cleanup ........................................ 360 Silica Gel Cleanup ..................................... 361 Carbon Column Cleanup .................................. 361 GC/MS Analysis ............................................ 361 Sample Preservation and Holding Time ...................... 362 References ................................................ 362 49. Radioactivity ............................................. 363 Units of Measurement ...................................... 363 Instruments for Measuring Radioactivity ................ 365 Gas-Flow Proportional Counters ......................... 365 Alpha Scintillation Counters ........................... 366 Liquid Scintillation Counters .......................... 366 Alpha Spectrometers .................................... 367 Gamma Spectrometers .................................... 368 Determination of Gross Alpha and Gross Beta Radioactivity .......................................... 368 Evaporation Method ..................................... 369 Gross Activity of the Sample ........................ 369 Activity of Dissolved and Suspended Matter .......... 370 Activity of Semisolid Samples ....................... 371 Coprecipitation Method for Gross Alpha Activity ........ 372 Procedure .............................................. 373 Specific Radionuclides ................................. 373 Radium ................................................. 374 Precipitation Method and Alpha Counting ................ 374 Precipitation and Emanation Method to Measure Radium as Radon-222 ........................................... 375 Sequential Precipitation Method ........................ 377 Measurement of Radium-224 by Gamma Spectroscopy ........ 377 Radon .................................................. 378 Uranium ................................................ 379 Determination of Total Alpha Activity .................. 379 Determination of Isotopic Content of Uranium Alpha Activity ............................................... 380 Radioactive Strontium .................................. 381 Tritium ................................................ 383 Radioactive Iodine ..................................... 384 Precipitation Method ................................... 385 Ion-Exchange Method .................................... 386 Distillation Method .................................... 387 Radioactive Cesium ..................................... 389 Preparation of Ammonium Phosphomolybdate, (NH4)3PMo12O40 Reagent Solution ...................... 390 References ................................................ 390 50. Semivolatile Organic Compounds ............................ 393 Sampling and Storage ...................................... 410 References ................................................ 410 51. Silica .................................................... 413 Gravimetric Method ........................................ 413 Procedure .............................................. 414 Ammonium Molybdate Colorimetric Method .................... 414 Procedure .............................................. 415 Reagent ................................................ 416 52. Sulfate ................................................... 417 Gravimetric Method ........................................ 417 Interference ........................................... 418 Procedure .............................................. 418 Calculation ............................................ 418 Turbidimetric Method ...................................... 419 Procedure .............................................. 419 Calculation ............................................ 419 Reagents ............................................... 419 53. Sulfide ................................................... 421 Analysis of Sulfide in Water .............................. 422 Screening Test for Sulfide ................................ 422 Sample Pretreatment ....................................... 423 Analysis of Dissolved Sulfide in Water .................... 423 lodometric Method ......................................... 424 Procedure .............................................. 424 Calculation ............................................ 424 Reagents ............................................... 425 Methylene Blue Colorimetric Method ........................ 426 Procedure .............................................. 427 Methylene Blue Solution: Preparation and Standardization ........................................... 428 Standardization ........................................ 428 Reagents ............................................... 429 54. Sulfite ................................................... 431 lodometric Method ......................................... 431 Interference ........................................... 432 Procedure .............................................. 432 Calculation ............................................ 432 Reagents ............................................... 433 Colorimetric Method ....................................... 433 Procedure .............................................. 434 Calculation ............................................ 435 Reagents ............................................... 435 55. Surfactant: Anionic ....................................... 437 Reagents .................................................. 437 Analysis .................................................. 439 Sample Analysis ........................................ 439 Calculation ............................................ 439 Interference .............................................. 440 56. Thiocyanate ............................................... 441 Colorimetric Method ....................................... 441 Interference ........................................... 441 Procedure .............................................. 442 Calculation ............................................ 442 Reagents and Calibration Standards ..................... 442 Spot Test for Thiocyanate ................................. 443 Procedure .............................................. 443 Reagents ............................................... 444 57. Volatile Organic Compounds ................................ 445 Water Analysis ............................................ 445 Apparatus .............................................. 446 GC and MS Conditions ................................... 447 Soil, Sediments, and Solid Wastes ......................... 448 U.S. EPA's SW Methods .................................. 448 Air Analysis ........................................... 452 U.S. EPA Method TO-14A ................................. 454 U.S. EPA's Solid Wastes 846 Methods .................... 458 NIOSH Method 2549 ...................................... 459 GC Column and Conditions .................................. 459 MS Conditions ............................................. 459 References ................................................ 462 PART III Selected Individual Compounds 58. Acetaldehyde .............................................. 467 Analysis of Aqueous Sample ................................ 467 Air Analysis .............................................. 468 59. Acetone ................................................... 469 Analysis of Aqueous Samples ............................... 469 Air Analysis .............................................. 470 60. Acetonitrile .............................................. 471 Analysis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Samples ................ 471 Air Analysis .............................................. 472 61. Acrolein .................................................. 473 Analysis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Samples ................ 473 Air Analysis .............................................. 473 62. Acrylonitrile ............................................. 475 Analysis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Samples ................ 475 Air Analysis .............................................. 476 63. Aniline ................................................... 477 Description ............................................... 477 Analysis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Samples ................ 477 Air Analysis .............................................. 478 64. Arsine .................................................... 479 Air Analysis .............................................. 479 65. Asbestos .................................................. 481 Analysis .................................................. 481 Analysis of Aqueous Samples ............................... 481 Air Analysis .............................................. 482 66. Benzene ................................................... 485 Analysis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Samples ................ 485 Air Analysis .............................................. 486 67. Benzidine ................................................. 487 Analysis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Samples ................ 487 68. Benzyl Chloride ........................................... 489 Description ............................................... 489 Analysis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Samples ................ 489 Air Analysis .............................................. 490 69. 1,3-Butadiene ............................................. 491 Air Analysis .............................................. 491 70. Captan .................................................... 493 Analysis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Samples ................ 493 71. Carbon Disulfide .......................................... 495 Description ............................................... 495 Analysis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Samples ................ 495 Air Analysis .............................................. 495 72. Carbon Monoxide ........................................... 497 Air Analysis .............................................. 497 73. Carbon Tetrachloride ...................................... 499 Analysis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Samples ................ 499 Air Analysis .............................................. 499 74. Chloroacetic Acid ......................................... 501 Analysis of Aqueous Samples ............................... 501 Air Analysis .............................................. 502 75. Chlorobenzene ............................................. 505 Analysis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Samples ................ 505 Air Analysis .............................................. 506 76. Chloroform ................................................ 507 Analysis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Samples ................ 507 Air Analysis .............................................. 508 77. 2-Chlorophenol ............................................ 509 Analysis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Samples ................ 509 Air Analysis .............................................. 510 78. Cumene .................................................... 511 Analysis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Samples ................ 511 Air Analysis .............................................. 512 79. Cyanogen .................................................. 513 Air Analysis (Suggested Method) ........................... 513 80. CyanuricAcid .............................................. 515 Analysis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Samples ................ 515 Air Analysis .............................................. 516 81. Diazomethane .............................................. 517 Air Analysis .............................................. 517 82. Diborane .................................................. 519 Air Analysis .............................................. 519 83. Dichlorobenzene ........................................... 521 Analysis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Samples ................ 521 Air Analysis .............................................. 522 84. 1,1-Dichlorethylene ....................................... 523 Analysis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Samples ................ 523 Air Analysis .............................................. 523 85. 2,4-Dichlorophenol ........................................ 525 Analysis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Samples ................ 525 Air Analysis .............................................. 526 86. Diethyl Ether ............................................. 527 Analysis of Aqueous Samples ............................... 527 Air Analysis .............................................. 527 87. 2,4-Dinitrotoluene ........................................ 529 Analysis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Samples ................ 529 88. 2,6-Dinitrotoluene ........................................ 531 Analysis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Samples ................ 531 89. Epichlorohydrin ........................................... 533 Analysis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous ........................ 533 Air Analysis Samples ...................................... 534 90. Ethylbenzene .............................................. 535 Analysis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Samples ................ 535 Air Analysis .............................................. 536 91. Ethyl Chloride Analysis of Aqueous Samples ................ 537 Air Analysis .............................................. 537 92. Ethylene Chlorohydrin ..................................... 539 Analysis of Aqueous Sample ................................ 539 Air Analysis .............................................. 539 93. Ethylene Dibromide ........................................ 541 Analysis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous ........................ 541 Air Analysis Samples ...................................... 541 94. Ethylene Glycol ........................................... 543 Analysis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Samples (Suggested Method) ................................................... 543 Air Analysis .............................................. 543 Reference ................................................. 544 95. Ethylene Oxide ............................................ 545 Air Analysis .............................................. 545 96. Formaldehyde .............................................. 547 Water Analysis ............................................ 547 Air Analysis .............................................. 547 97. Freon 113 ................................................. 549 Analysis of Aqueous Samples ............................... 549 Air Analysis .............................................. 549 98. Hydrogen Cyanide .......................................... 551 Analysis of Aqueous Samples ............................... 551 Air Analysis .............................................. 551 Reference ................................................. 552 99. Hydrogen Sulfide .......................................... 553 Air Analysis .............................................. 553 100.Hydroquinone .............................................. 555 Analysis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Samples ................ 555 Air Analysis .............................................. 555 101.Isophorone ................................................ 557 Analysis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Samples ................ 557 102.Methane ................................................... 559 Analysis of Aqueous Samples and Sludge Digester Gas ....... 559 Air Analysis .............................................. 560 103.Methyl Bromide ............................................ 561 Analysis of Aqueous Samples ............................... 561 Air Analysis .............................................. 561 104.Methyl Chloride ........................................... 563 Analysis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Samples ................ 563 Air Analysis .............................................. 563 105.Methylene Chloride ........................................ 565 Analysis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Samples ................ 565 Air Analysis .............................................. 565 106.Methyl Iodide ............................................. 567 Analysis of Aqueous Samples ............................... 567 Air Analysis .............................................. 567 107.Methyl Isobutyl Ketone .................................... 569 Analysis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Samples ................ 569 Air Analysis .............................................. 570 108.Methyl Isocyanate ......................................... 571 Air Analysis .............................................. 571 109.Methyl Methacrylate ....................................... 573 Analysis of Aqueous Samples ............................... 573 Air Analysis .............................................. 573 110.Nitrobenzene .............................................. 575 Analysis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Samples ................ 575 Air Analysis .............................................. 575 111.Nitrogen Dioxide .......................................... 577 Air Analysis .............................................. 577 112.Pentachlorophenol ......................................... 579 Analysis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Samples ................ 579 Air Analysis .............................................. 580 113.Phosgene .................................................. 581 Air Analysis .............................................. 581 114.Pyridine .................................................. 583 Analysis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Samples ................ 583 Air Analysis .............................................. 584 115.Pyrocatechol .............................................. 585 Analysis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Samples ................ 585 Air Analysis .............................................. 586 116.Pyrogallol 587 Analysis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Samples ................................................... 587 Air Analysis .............................................. 588 117.Resorcinol ................................................ 589 Analysis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Samples ................ 589 Air Analysis .............................................. 590 118.Stibine ................................................... 591 Air Analysis .............................................. 591 119.Strychnine ................................................ 593 Analysis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Samples ................ 593 Air Analysis .............................................. 594 120.Styrene ................................................... 595 Analysis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Samples ................ 595 Air Analysis .............................................. 596 121.Sulfur Dioxide ............................................ 597 Air Analysis .............................................. 597 122.Tetrachloroethylene ....................................... 599 Analysis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Samples ................ 599 Air Analysis .............................................. 600 123.Tetraethyllead ............................................ 601 Analysis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Samples ................ 601 124.Tetraethyl Pyrophosphate .................................. 603 Analysis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Samples ................ 603 Air Analysis .............................................. 603 125.Tetrahydrofuran ........................................... 605 Analysis of Aqueous Samples ............................... 605 Air Analysis .............................................. 606 126.Toluene ................................................... 607 Analysis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Samples ................ 607 127.Toluene-2,4-Diisocyanate .................................. 609 Analysis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Samples ................ 609 Air Analysis .............................................. 610 Reference ................................................. 610 128.o-Toluidine ............................................... 611 Analysis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Samples ................ 611 Air Analysis .............................................. 612 129.1,1,1 -Trichloroethane .................................... 613 Analysis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Samples ................ 613 Air Analysis .............................................. 613 130.Trichloroethylene ......................................... 615 Analysis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Samples ................ 615 Air Analysis .............................................. 616 131.2,4,6-Trichlorophenol ..................................... 617 Analysis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Samples ................ 617 Air Analysis .............................................. 618 132.Vinyl Chloride ............................................ 619 Analysis of Aqueous Samples ............................... 619 Air Analysis .............................................. 619 133.Xylene .................................................... 621 Analysis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Samples ................ 621 Air Analysis .............................................. 622 Bibliography .................................................. 625 Appendix A: Some Common QC Formulas and Statistics ............ 629 Measurement of Precision .................................. 629 Standard Deviation ..................................... 629 Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) ...................... 629 Standard Error oi Mean (M) ............................. 630 Relative Percent Difference (RPD) ...................... 630 Measurement of Linearity of Data Points ................... 630 Correlation Coefficient (γ) ............................ 630 Measurement of Accuracy ................................... 632 Percent Spike Recovery by U.S. EPA Formula ............. 632 Percent Spike Recovery by Alternate Method ............. 632 Method Detection Limits for Organic Pollutants in Aqueous Samples ........................................... 633 Method Detection Limit (MDL) ........................... 633 Appendix B: Sample Containers, Preservations, and Holding Times ............................................. 635 Appendix C: Preparation of Molar and Normal Solutions of Some Common Reagents .............................. 639 Appendix D: Total Dissolved Solids and Specific Conductance: Theoretical Calculations .......................... 641 Total Dissolved Solids ........................................ 641 Conductivity .................................................. 642