Keating E.L. Applied combustion. - 2nd ed. - Boca Raton: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, 2007. - xviii, 657 p.: ill. - (Mechanical engineering; 206). - Bibliogr.: p. 631-649. - Ind.: p.651-657. - ISBN-10 1-57444-640-1; ISBN-13 978-1-57444-640-1  Место хранения:   070 | Институт систем энергетики им. Л.А.Мелентьева CO РАН | Иркутск | Библиотека

Оглавление / Contents

Preface ....................................................... iii Nomenclature ................................................... xv 1. INTRODUCTION TO APPLIED COMBUSTION 1.1 Introduction ........................................... 1 1.2 Energy and Combustion .................................. 3 1.3 The Fuel-Engine Interface .............................. 7 1.4 Engineering Science and Combustion ..................... 9 1.5 Engineering and Applied Combustion .................... 16 Problems .............................................. 21 2. COMBUSTION AND ENERGY 2.1 Introduction .......................................... 23 2.2 The Conservation of Mass .............................. 23 2.3 Thermodynamic Properties .............................. 30 2.4 Heats of Reaction ..................................... 39 2.5 First Law for Reactive Systems ........................ 42 Problems .............................................. 63 3. COMBUSTION AND ENTROPY 3.1 Introduction .......................................... 67 3.2 Equilibrium and Chemical Reactions .................... 67 3.3 Entropy ............................................... 69 3.4 Gibbs and Hemholtz Functions .......................... 84 3.5 Equilibrium Constants ................................. 92 3.6 The Fuel Cell ........................................ 100 Problems ............................................. 112 4. FLUID MECHANICS 4.1 Introduction ......................................... 115 4.2 Basic Conservation Equations ......................... 115 4.3 The Rayleigh Line .................................... 125 4.4 The Rankine-Hugoniot Curve ........................... 128 4.5 The Chapman-Jouquet Points ........................... 131 4.6 Calculation of Chapman-Jouquet Normal Detonation Parameters ........................................... 133 4.7 Detonation Theory and Experimental Evidences ......... 138 Problems ............................................. 144 5. CHEMICAL KINETICS 5.1 Introduction ......................................... 147 5.2 Kinetic Theory of Gases .............................. 147 5.3 Collision Theory and Chemical Reactions .............. 156 5.4 Complex Chemical Kinetics Mechanisms ................. 171 5.5 Nitrogen-Oxygen Chemical Kinetics .................... 182 5.6 Basic Flame Theory ................................... 195 Problems ............................................. 199 6. SOLID FUELS 6.1 Introduction ......................................... 203 6.2 Solid Fuel Thermochemistry ........................... 203 6.3 Coal and Other Solid Fuel Resources .................. 207 6.4 Solid Fuel Combustion ................................ 220 6.5 Solid Fuel Combustion Pollution Control .............. 227 6.6 Boiler Energy Balance ................................ 236 Problems ............................................. 245 7. LIQUID FUELS 7.1 Introduction ......................................... 251 7.2 Liquid Fuel Properties ............................... 254 7.3 Crude Oil and Distillate Fuels ....................... 267 7.4 Synthetic Liquid Fuels ............................... 277 7.5 Unconventional Liquid Fuels .......................... 284 7.6 Liquid Fuel Combustion and Burners ................... 294 Problems ............................................. 297 8. GASEOUS FUELS 8.1 Introduction ......................................... 301 8.2 Gaseous Fuel Properties .............................. 302 8.3 Natural Gas .......................................... 313 8.4 Coal-Derived Gaseous Fuels ........................... 315 8.5 Biomass and Synthetic Natural Gas .................... 324 8.6 Hydrogen ............................................. 327 8.7 Gaseous Fuel Burners ................................. 330 Problems ............................................. 332 9. COMBUSTION ENGINE TESTING 9.1 Introduction ......................................... 337 9.2 Internal Combustion Engine Nomenclature .............. 337 9.3 Indicated Engine Performance ......................... 342 9.4 Brake Engine Performance ............................. 346 9.5 Engine Performance Testing ........................... 352 9.6 The Cooperative Fuel Research (CFR) Engine ........... 369 9.7 Engine Emissions Testing ............................. 371 Problems ............................................. 378 10. SPARK-IGNITION ENGINE COMBUSTION 10.1 Introduction ......................................... 383 10.2 Thermodynamics and Spark-Ignition Engine Modeling .... 385 10.3 Fuel Thermochemistry and Spark-Ignition Engines ...... 406 10.4 Spark-Ignition I.C. Engine Combustion Chemistry ...... 410 10.5 Spark-Ignition I.C. Engine Emissions ................. 417 10.6 Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel Alternatives .............. 421 10.7 The Wankel Rotary Engine ............................. 432 Problems ............................................. 435 11. COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINE COMBUSTION 11.1 Introduction ......................................... 439 11.2 Thermodynamics and Compression-Ignition Engine Modeling ............................................. 440 11.3 Fuel Thermochemistry and Compression-Ignition Engines .............................................. 450 11.4 Compression-Ignition I.C. Engine Combustion Chemistry ............................................ 454 11.5 Compression-Ignition I.C. Engine Emissions ........... 465 11.6 Compression-Ignition Engine Fuel Alternatives ........ 470 11.7 Advanced Spark- and Compression-Ignition Combustion ........................................... 476 Concepts Problems ............................................. 477 12. GAS TURBINE ENGINE COMBUSTION 12.1 Introduction ......................................... 481 12.2 Thermodynamics and Gas Turbine Engine Modeling ....... 483 12.3 Gas Turbine Fuel Thermochemistry ..................... 488 12.4 Gas Turbine Combustors ............................... 495 12.5 Gas Turbine Engine Fuel Alternatives ................. 507 12.6 Gas Turbine Engine Emissions ......................... 508 12.7 The Free Piston and Stirling Engines ................. 510 Problems ............................................. 514 13. THERMAL DESTRUCTION 13.1 Introduction ......................................... 519 13.2 Thermal Destruction Combustion Chemistry ............. 520 13.3 Basic Elements of Thermal Destruction ................ 528 13.4 Thermal Destruction Components ....................... 531 13.5 Thermal Destruction Configurations ................... 533 13.6 Environmental Regulations and Thermal Destruction .... 546 Problems ............................................. 555 APPENDIXES A. Dimensions and Units ...................................... 559 A.1 Some Systems of Primary Dimensions with Corresponding Units .................................. 560 A.2 Length Conversion Factors ............................ 563 A.3 Area Conversion Factors .............................. 564 A.4 Volume Conversion Factors ............................ 565 A.5 Time Conversion Factors .............................. 566 A.6 Velocity Conversion Factors .......................... 567 A.7 Volume Flow Rate Conversion Factors .................. 568 A.8 Mass Conversion Factors .............................. 569 A.9 Density Conversion Factors ........................... 570 A.10 Mass Flow Rate Conversion Factors .................... 571 A.11 Pressure Conversion Factors .......................... 572 A.12 Energy Conversion Factors ............................ 573 A.13 Specific Energy (Mass) Conversion Factors ............ 574 A.14 Specific Energy (Volume) Conversion Factors .......... 575 A.15 Specific Energy (Mass Flux) Conversion Factors ....... 576 A.16 Specific Heat and Entropy Conversion Factors ......... 577 A.17 Power Conversion Factors ............................. 578 A.18 Engineers-SI Conversion Factors ...................... 579 A.19 SI Prefixes .......................................... 580 B. Some Thermochemical Properties B.1 Standard State Heats of Formation and Combustion ..... 581 (Higher Heating Value) for Various Compounds B.2 Thermochemical Properties of Carbon .................. 584 B.3 Thermochemical Properties of Methane ................. 586 B.4 Thermochemical Properties of Carbon Monoxide ......... 588 B.5 Thermochemical Properties of Carbon Dioxide .......... 590 B.6 Thermochemical Properties of Acetylene ............... 592 B.7 Thermochemical Properties of Ethylene ................ 594 B.8 Thermochemical Properties of n Octane ................ 596 B.9 Thermochemical Properties of n-Dodecane .............. 597 B.10 Thermochemical Properties of Methanol ................ 598 B.11 Thermochemical Properties of Ethanol ................. 599 B.12 Thermochemical Properties of Monatomic Hydrogen ...... 600 B.13 Thermochemical Properties of Hydrogen ................ 602 B.14 Thermochemical Properties of Water Vapor ............. 604 B.15 Thermochemical Properties of Nitrogen ................ 606 B.16 Thermochemical Properties of Nitric Oxide ............ 608 B.17 Thermochemical Properties of Nitrogen Dioxide ........ 610 B.18 Thermochemical Properties of Nitrogen ................ 612 B.19 Thermochemical Properties of Dinitrogen Monoxide ..... 614 B.20 Thermochemical Properties of Monatomic Oxygen ........ 616 B.21 Thermochemical Properties of Hydroxyl ................ 618 B.22 Thermochemical Properties of Diatomic Oxygen ......... 620 B.23 Thermochemical Properties of Sulfur .................. 622 B.24 Thermochemical Properties of Sulfur Dioxide .......... 624 B.25 Thermochemical Properties of Air ..................... 626 C. Properties of Fuel Oil .................................... 627 D. Properties of Saturated Water ............................. 628 Bibliography .................................................. 631 Index ......................................................... 651