Cocks F.H. Energy demand and climate change: issues and resolutions. - Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2009. - xvi, 251 p.: ill. (some col.). - Incl. bibl. ref. - Ind.: p.245-251. - ISBN 978-3-527-32446-0  Место хранения:   066 | Институт мониторинга климатических и экологических систем CO РАН | Томск | Библиотека

Оглавление / Contents

Acknowledgements .......................................... XIII Prologue .................................................... XV Part I Questions Introduction ................................................. 3 Recommended Reading .......................................... 4 1 Ancient Days and Modern Times ................................ 5 Recommended Reading .......................................... 7 2 Ice Ages-Past and Future ..................................... 9 The Discovery of Ice Ages .................................... 9 The Heat Balance of the Earth ............................... 10 The Sun and Its Spots ....................................... 11 Earth's Orbit ............................................... 14 The Discovery of Elliptical Orbits .......................... 15 Precession .................................................. 16 Nutation (Wobble) ........................................... 18 Volcanic Dust ............................................... 20 The Cyclical Nature of Ice Ages ............................. 20 The Croll-Milankovic Theory of Ice Ages ..................... 21 Recommended Reading ......................................... 23 3 Global Warming Versus Returning Glaciers .................... 25 Infrared Radiation and Absolute Temperature ................. 27 Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming: Fourier, Tyndall, and Arrhenius ................................................... 28 CO2 and Methane ............................................. 29 The Big Picture ............................................. 31 Recommended Reading ......................................... 35 4 Earth's Fossil Fuel Supply .................................. 37 Limits of Fossil Fuels ...................................... 38 Coal ........................................................ 39 Natural Gas ................................................. 39 Hydrated Natural Gas ........................................ 40 Oil ......................................................... 40 Sequestration of CO2 ........................................ 42 CO2 Level Calculations ...................................... 43 The Unending Carbon Cycle ................................... 43 Recommended Reading ......................................... 45 5 Nuclear Power ............................................... 47 Origin of Fuel for Nuclear Fission .......................... 47 The Energy in Nuclear Fuel .................................. 48 Nuclear Energy .............................................. 49 Isotopes .................................................... 50 Limits of Nuclear Fuel ...................................... 51 The Basics of Nuclear Fission ............................... 52 Evolution of Nuclear Reactors ............................... 53 Present-day Nuclear Reactors and Power Plants ............... 54 Used Fuel Rods .............................................. 56 Radiation, Radioactivity, and Health ........................ 57 Natural Radiation and Radioactive Waste ..................... 58 Disposal and Storage of Nuclear Waste ....................... 59 Recommended Reading ......................................... 60 Part II Answers Introduction ................................................ 63 6 Solar Energy ................................................ 65 Using Solar Energy .......................................... 66 Development of Solar Cells .................................. 68 How Solar Cells Work ........................................ 69 Multiple-layer Solar Cells .................................. 71 Solar Concentrators and Solar Thermal Systems ............... 75 Solar Ponds ................................................. 76 Solar-powered Air Conditioning .............................. 77 Solar Updraft Towers ........................................ 78 Solar Power Towers .......................................... 79 Other Thoughts and Possibilities ............................ 79 Recommended Reading ......................................... 80 7 Wind, Waves, and Tides ...................................... 81 Wind ........................................................ 81 Characteristics and Limits of Wind Machines ................. 83 Tides ....................................................... 86 Newton, the Moon, and the Tides ............................. 87 Harnessing Tidal Power ...................................... 87 Usable Tidal Energy ......................................... 89 Tidal Currents .............................................. 90 Waves ....................................................... 91 Recommended Reading ......................................... 93 8 Going with the Flow: Water, Dams, and Hydropower ............ 95 Basics of Hydroelectric Power ............................... 96 Water Turbines .............................................. 98 Hydropower Problems ......................................... 99 Hydropower Schemes .......................................... 99 Dam-less Hydropower: Evaporation Schemes ................... 100 Dam-less Hydropower: Flowing Water ......................... 102 Recommended Reading ........................................ 103 9 Geothermal Energy: Energy from the Earth Itself ............ 105 Geothermal Energy .......................................... 105 The Structure of the Earth ................................. 106 Carnot's Unbreachable Thermodynamic Limit .................. 109 Using Water and Soil in Heating and Cooling Systems ........ 110 Recommended Reading ........................................ 112 10 Efficiency, Conservation, and Hybrid Cars .................. 113 Efficiency of Fossil Fuel and Nuclear Power Plants ......... 114 Cars, Trucks, Trains, Ships, and Planes .................... 118 Conservation ............................................... 120 Recommended Reading ........................................ 121 11 Energy Storage: Macro to Micro ............................. 123 Pumped Hydropower .......................................... 124 Compressed Air ............................................. 124 Batteries .................................................. 126 Flywheels .................................................. 129 Capacitors and Dielectrics ................................. 130 Inductors: Storing Energy with Magnetic Fields ............. 132 Recommended Reading ........................................ 133 12 Green Fuel: Biodiesel, Alcohol, and Biomass ................ 135 Biodiesel .................................................. 138 Recommended Reading ........................................ 142 Part III Dreams Introduction ............................................... 145 13 Breeding Nuclear Fuel ...................................... 147 Fast Breeder Reactors ...................................... 148 Clinch River Breeder Reactor Project ....................... 150 Thermal Breeder Reactors ................................... 151 Breeder Technology Today and Tomorrow ...................... 152 Recommended Reading ........................................ 153 14 Nuclear Fusion: Engine of the Sun .......................... 155 Cold Fusion versus Cool Fusion versus Hot Fusion ........... 155 Making Fusion Happen ....................................... 157 ITER, Tokamaks, Magnetic Fields, and Fusion ................ 158 The Combined Fusion-Breeding-Fission Process ............... 160 Inertial Confinement Fusion ................................ 161 Accelerator Fusion ......................................... 161 Fusion of Helium-3 and Deuterium ........................... 162 Lunar Resources of Helium-3 ................................ 163 Recommended Reading ........................................ 165 15 Power from the Ocean: Thermal and Salinity Gradients ....... 167 Electric Power from Ocean Thermal Gradients ................ 167 Electric Power from Ocean Salinity Gradients ............... 172 Recommended Reading ........................................ 176 16 Fuel Cells: Hydrogen, Alcohol, and Coal .................... 177 Fuel Cells and Hydrogen .................................... 177 Fuel Cell Efficiency ....................................... 179 Fuel Cells and Cars ........................................ 180 Storing Hydrogen ........................................... 182 Producing Hydrogen ......................................... 184 Technologies for Hydrogen Production ....................... 184 Fuel Cells and Coal ........................................ 186 Fuel Cells and Alcohol ..................................... 187 What Happens Now? .......................................... 187 Recommended Reading ........................................ 188 17 Magnetohydrodynamics and Power Plants ...................... 189 Faraday Induction and the Hall Effect ...................... 190 Benefits of MHD Power Generation ........................... 192 Recommended Reading ........................................ 193 18 Thermionics and the Single Fuel Home ....................... 195 How a Thermionic Converter Works ........................... 196 Engineering Thermionic Systems ............................. 197 Recommended Reading ........................................ 201 19 Artificial Photosynthesis and Water Splitting .............. 203 Plant Chemistry ............................................ 205 Artificial Photosynthesis and Water Splitting .............. 206 Recommended Reading ........................................ 208 20 Planetary Engineering and Terraforming ..................... 209 Changing Earth's Albedo: Atmospheric Aerosols .............. 210 Tinkering with Planet Earth ................................ 211 Parasols, Artificial Sunspots, Space Mirrors, Solar Sails, and Space Dust ............................. 212 White Roads, Reflecting Roofs, and Shiny Balloons .......... 213 Back to Clouds Again ....................................... 213 Feeding Algae .............................................. 214 Terraforming Mars (and Maybe Venus) ........................ 215 What Can Be Done? .......................................... 217 Recommended Reading ........................................ 218 21 Space Solar Power: Energy and the Final Frontier ........... 219 Lagrange and His Famous Points ............................. 219 Geosynchronous Orbits and Solar Sails ...................... 221 Beamed-power Microwave Transmission ........................ 222 Space Elevators ............................................ 223 Electromagnetic Launching .................................. 226 Recommended Reading ........................................ 227 Part IV Nightmares Introduction ............................................... 231 22 Alternative Futures ........................................ 233 Epilogue: ORBITuary ........................................ 237 Credits .................................................... 239 Appendix I ................................................. 241 Units for Energy and Power ................................. 241 Appendix II ................................................ 243 Radiation Units ............................................ 243 Index ...................................................... 245