Cech T.V. Principles of water resources: history, development, management, and policy (Hoboken, 2010). - ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ / CONTENTS
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ОбложкаCech T.V. Principles of water resources: history, development, management, and policy. - 3rd ed. - Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2010. - xxvi, 546 p.: ill., maps. - Incl. bibl. ref. - Ind.: p.527-546. - ISBN 978-0-470-13631-7
 

Оглавление / Contents
 
ABOUT THE AUTHOR .............................................. vii
PREFACE ........................................................ ix
BOOK COMPANION WEBSITE ...................................... xxiii
A NOTE TO THE STUDENT ......................................... xxv

CHAPTER 1
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF WATER USE AND DEVELOPMENT ............. l
Drinking Water for Early Civilizations .......................... 1
Early Irrigation and Flood-Control Projects ..................... 6
   Egypt ........................................................ 6
   China ........................................................ 6
   The Middle East .............................................. 8
   India, Spain, Portugal, and South America .................... 9
   North America ................................................ 9
Early Water Transportation Development ......................... 13
   Egypt and Greece ............................................ 13
   China ....................................................... 13
   Europe ...................................................... 14
   United States ............................................... 15
Early Hydropower Development ................................... 18

CHAPTER 2
HE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE, CLIMATE, AND WEATHER ...................... 24
The Properties of Water ........................................ 25
The Hydrologic Cycle ........................................... 27
   Precipitation ............................................... 27
      Measuring Precipitation .................................. 29
   Runoff ...................................................... 32
   Surface and Groundwater Storage ............................. 33
      Lakes and Reservoirs ..................................... 33
      CASE STUDY  Great Salt Lake of Utah ...................... 35
      CASE STUDY  The Aral Sea of Uzbekistan ................... 35
      Wetlands ................................................. 36
      Groundwater .............................................. 37
   Evaporation ................................................. 38
   Condensation ................................................ 41
      GUEST ESSAY  Fog Harvesting by Dr. Robert S.
                   Schemenauer ................................. 41
Climate and Weather ............................................ 46
   Overview .................................................... 46
   Climate ..................................................... 46
      Air Currents ............................................. 46
      Ocean Currents ........................................... 48
      Tilt of the Earth's Axis ................................. 49
   Monitoring Climate Change ................................... 50
      Urban Microclimates ...................................... 51
      GUEST ESSAY  Urbanization and Its Effects on Key
                   Atmospheric and Surface Water Cycles
                   by Dr. J. Marshall Shepherd ................. 51
      Processes ................................................ 51
   Weather ..................................................... 55
      Temperature .............................................. 55
      Air Pressure ............................................. 56
      Humidity ................................................. 57
      Heating .................................................. 58
      Wind Speed and Direction ................................. 62
   Weather Modification ........................................ 63
   Floods ...................................................... 64
   Drought ..................................................... 66

CHAPTER  3
SURFACE WATER HYDROLOGY ........................................ 74
What Is Surface Water Hydrology? ............................... 75
Watersheds ..................................................... 75
   Delineating a Watershed ..................................... 75
Overland Flow .................................................. 78
Rivers ......................................................... 79
   Components of a River ....................................... 79
   River Morphology ............................................ 79
   Types of Rivers ............................................. 82
   Gradient .................................................... 83
Lakes .......................................................... 83
   Types of Lakes .............................................. 84
   Ecological Zones ............................................ 84
   Thermal Cycles .............................................. 85
   Seiches ..................................................... 86
Water Measurement .............................................. 86
   Overland Flow ............................................... 87
   River Discharge ............................................. 87
Flood Events ................................................... 91
   Flood Frequency ............................................. 92
   Probable Maximum Precipitation .............................. 93
   Probable Maximum Flood ...................................... 93
      GUEST ESSAY  GIS and Flooding by Jake Freier ............. 94
Transport and Deposition ....................................... 97
   Velocity .................................................... 98
   Sediment Load ............................................... 98

CHAPTER 4
GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY ......................................... 104
What Is Groundwater? .......................................... 105
What Is Groundwater Hydrology? ................................ 106
The Geology of Groundwater .................................... 107
   Sedimentary Rocks .......................................... 107
      GUEST ESSAY  Sinkholes by Carlos Herd ................... 108
   Glaciated Terrain .......................................... 111
   Alluvial Valleys ........................................... 113
   Tectonic Activity .......................................... 113
Groundwater Recharge .......................................... 114
Aquifers ...................................................... 115
   Aquifer Types .............................................. 116
   Properties of Aquifers ..................................... 119
Groundwater Movement .......................................... 121
Age of Groundwater ............................................ 126
Locating and Mapping Groundwater .............................. 127
Drilling a Groundwater Well ................................... 129

CHAPTER  5
WATER QUALITY ................................................. 137
Water Pollution ............................................... 137
   Point Source and Nonpoint Source Pollution ................. 139
      Point Source Pollution .................................. 139
      Nonpoint Source Pollution ............................... 142
Basic Parameters of Water ..................................... 143
   Temperature ................................................ 143
   Dissolved Oxygen ........................................... 144
   pH ......................................................... 144
   Turbidity .................................................. 146
   Hardness ................................................... 147
Inorganic Chemicals ........................................... 147
   Metals ..................................................... 148
   Lead ....................................................... 148
   Arsenic .................................................... 149
   Minerals ................................................... 150
   Salt ....................................................... 150
   POLICY ISSUE ............................................... 150
   Fluoride ................................................... 152
   Selenium ................................................... 152
Organic Chemicals ............................................. 153
   Natural Organic Chemicals .................................. 153
   Synthetic Organic Compounds ................................ 153
   Pesticides ................................................. 155
   Nutrients .................................................. 157
      Nitrogen ................................................ 157
      Phosphorus .............................................. 158
   The Nitrogen Cycle ......................................... 159
      Nitrogen Fixation ....................................... 160
      Mineralization/Ammonification ........................... 160
      Nitrification ........................................... 160
      Denitrification ......................................... 161
   The Phosphorus Cycle ....................................... 161
   Eutrophication ............................................. 162
Waterborne Diseases ........................................... 162
   Historical Problems ........................................ 162
   Microorganisms ............................................. 164
      Indicator Organisms ..................................... 164
      Other Waterborne Organisms .............................. 165
Water Quality Management ...................................... 167
   Fate and Transport ......................................... 167
      Fate and Transport in Surface Water ..................... 167
      Fate and Transport in Groundwater ....................... 167
      GUEST ESSAY  Managing Data for a  Groundwater
                   Restoration Project by Dr. Curt Elmore ..... 169
   Wellhead Protection Programs ............................... 171
      Organization ............................................ 171
      Delineation ............................................. 171
      Contamination Source Inventory .......................... 173
      Source Management ....................................... 173
      Contingency Planning .................................... 173
    Watershed Protection Programs ............................. 173
      Total Maximum Daily Loads ............................... 174
      GUEST ESSAY  Lake OkeechobeeTMDLs by Dr. David
                   Radcliffe and Dr. Todd Rasmussen ........... 175
    Water Sampling ............................................ 177

CHAPTER 6
MUNICIPAL AND IRRIGATION WATER DEVELOPMENT .................... 185
Municipal Water Systems ....................................... 186
      CASE STUDY  Los Angeles Department of Water and Power ... 187
      CASE STUDY  Lincoln Water System ........................ 191
      CASE STUDY  New York City Department of Environmental
                  Protection .................................. 193
      GUEST ESSAY  Construction of City Tunnel #3 by Eileen
                   M. Schnock ................................. 196
Irrigation .................................................... 202
   Historical Perspective ..................................... 202
   The Need for Irrigation .................................... 202
   Irrigation Techniques ...................................... 205
      Gravity Irrigation ...................................... 206
      Sprinkler Irrigation .................................... 210
      Drip Irrigation ......................................... 213

CHAPTER 7
DAMS .......................................................... 217
Dam Basics .................................................... 217
   Purposes of Dams ........................................... 217
   Components of Dams ......................................... 218
   Types of Dams .............................................. 219
   Dam Operations ............................................. 221
      CASE STUDY  Hoover Dam and Lake Mead, Nevada/Arizona .... 223
      CASE STUDY  Kingsley Dam and Lake McConaughy,
                  Nebraska .................................... 227
      CASE STUDY  Grand Coulee Dam and Franklin D. Roosevelt
                  Lake, Washington State ...................... 231
Cost-Benefit Analysis ......................................... 234
Impacts of Dams ............................................... 235
      GUEST ESSAY  Forced Urbanization: The Three Gorges Dam
                   Relocation Process by Colin Flahive ........ 237
Dams and Locks for Navigation ................................. 240
      GUEST ESSAY  Navigation on the Tennessee River by Ted
                   Nelson ..................................... 242

CHAPTER 8
WATER ALLOCATION LAW .......................................... 249
Ancient Water Allocation Law .................................. 250
   Code of Hammurabi .......................................... 250
   Justinian Code ............................................. 251
      Ancient Riparian Doctrine ............................... 251
Water Allocation Law: 1200-1799 ............................... 252
   Spanish Water Law .......................................... 252
   First Possession ........................................... 254
   English Common Law: 1200-1799 .............................. 255
      Mill Acts of the Eastern United States .................. 255
Water Allocation Law: 1800-1847 ............................... 258
   Code Napoleon .............................................. 258
   Riparian Doctrine: 1800-1847 ............................... 258
      Tyler v. Wilkinson ...................................... 259
   Water Allocation Law in the Western United States:
   1800-1847 .................................................. 260
Water Allocation Law: 1848-1899 ............................... 262
   Riparian Doctrine .......................................... 262
   Doctrine of Prior Appropriation: 1848-1899 ................. 262
      The California Gold Rush ................................ 264
      The Colorado Gold Rush .................................. 267
Water Allocation Law: 1900-Present ............................ 272
   Riparian Doctrine .......................................... 272
   Doctrine of Prior Appropriation: 1900-Present .............. 274
Interstate River Compacts ..................................... 277
   Selected River Compacts .................................... 277
      Colorado River Compact of 1922 .......................... 277
      Niagara River Water Diversion Treaty of 1950 ............ 281
      Delaware River Compact of 1961 .......................... 281
Groundwater Allocation Law .................................... 282
   Historical Perspective ..................................... 282
   Role of the Federal Government ............................. 283
   Legal Properties of Groundwater ............................ 284
Federal Reserved Water Rights ................................. 286
      GUEST ESSAY  Stream Subf low and Water Rights by John
                   Regan ...................................... 287

CHAPTER 9
FEDERAL WATER AGENCIES ........................................ 294
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) .......................... 295
   Overview ................................................... 295
   Brief History and Duties ................................... 295
      Navigation Duties ....................................... 296
      Flood-Control Duties .................................... 300
      Wetlands Protection Duties .............................. 303
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) ............................. 306
   Overview ................................................... 306
   Brief History .............................................. 307
      National Irrigation Congresses .......................... 308
      The Reclamation Act of 1902 ............................. 309
      The Anti-Dam Construction Era ........................... 310
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) .................. 312
   Overview ................................................... 312
   Brief History .............................................. 313
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) ................................. 316
   Overview ................................................... 316
   Brief History .............................................. 316
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) ........................ 320
   Overview ................................................... 320
   Brief History .............................................. 320
National Park Service (NPS) ................................... 322
   Overview ................................................... 322
   Brief History .............................................. 322
Bureau of Land Management (BLM) ............................... 324
   Overview ................................................... 324
   Brief History .............................................. 324
Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) ................. 325
   Overview ................................................... 325
   Brief History .............................................. 326
U.S. Forest Service (USFS) .................................... 326
   Overview ................................................... 326
   Brief History .............................................. 326
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) ................... 327
   Overview and Brief History ................................. 327
National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) ...................... 329
   Overview and Brief History ................................. 329
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) .................... 329
   Overview and Brief History ................................. 329

CHAPTER 10
LOCAL, REGIONAL, STATE, AND MULTISTATE WATER MANAGEMENT
AGENCIES ...................................................... 338
Local Water Agencies .......................................... 338
   Municipal Water Departments ................................ 338
      Historical Overview ..................................... 339
   Water and Sewer Districts .................................. 341
      Overview ................................................ 341
      EXAMPLE: Highline Water District, Kent, Washington ...... 341
   Levee and Flood-Control Districts .......................... 342
      Historical Overview ..................................... 342
      Levee Districts ......................................... 342
      Flood-Control Districts ................................. 345
      EXAMPLE: Pima County Regional Flood Control District,
      Tucson, Arizona ......................................... 345
   Mutual Ditch and Irrigation Companies ...................... 346
      Historical Overview ..................................... 346
Regional Water Agencies ....................................... 348
   Overview ................................................... 348
   Irrigation Districts ....................................... 348
      EXAMPLE: Farwell Irrigation District, Farwell,
               Nebraska ....................................... 348
   Conservancy/Conservation Districts ......................... 349
      EXAMPLE: Miami Conservancy District, Dayton, Ohio ....... 350
   Natural Resources Districts—Nebraska ....................... 350
      EXAMPLE: Papio-Missouri River Natural Resources
               District, Omaha, Nebraska ...................... 351
   Groundwater Management Districts—Kansas .................... 352
      EXAMPLE: Northwest Kansas Groundwater Management
                District N 4, Colby, Kansas ................... 353
   Water Management Districts—Florida ......................... 353
State Water Agencies .......................................... 355
   State of Arizona Water Agencies ............................ 355
   State of Rhode Island Water Agencies ....................... 356
Multistate Water Agencies ..................................... 357
   Chesapeake Bay Commission .................................. 357
   Missouri River Basin Association ........................... 357
Water Management in Mexico and Canada ......................... 359
   Overview ................................................... 359
      GUEST ESSAY  Water Management in Mexico by Dr.
                   Alvaro A. Aldama ........................... 360
      GUEST ESSAY  Water Management in Canada: The Inter-
                   Jurisdictional Context by Ralph
                   L. Pentland ................................ 366
Careers ....................................................... 371

CHAPTER 11
DRINKING-WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT ....................... 374
Historical Perspective on Drinking-Water Treatment ............ 374
      GUEST ESSAY  Water Desalination in the Middle East:
                   One of the Realistic Options by Dr.
                   Fares M. Howari ............................ 380
Federal Protection of Drinking Water in the United States ..... 383
Drinking-Water Treatment Process .............................. 384
   Protection of Water Quality ................................ 384
   Intakes for Raw Water ...................................... 385
      CASE STUDY  Department of Water Management, City of
                  Chicago, Illinois ........................... 386
   Pretreatment of Drinking Water ............................. 388
      Flocculation/Coagulation ................................ 388
      Filtration .............................................. 388
      CASE STUDY  Sewerage and Water Board, City of New
                  Orleans, Louisiana .......................... 389
   Final Drinking-Water Treatment ............................. 390
   Distribution System ........................................ 390
Historical Perspective on Wastewater Treatment ................ 393
Wastewater Treatment Process .................................. 396
   Primary Treatment .......................................... 396
   Secondary Treatment ........................................ 397
   Tertiary Treatment ......................................... 398
      Nutrient Removal ........................................ 398
   Septic Tanks and Leach Fields .............................. 399
   Wetlands and Water Treatment ............................... 400

CHAPTER 12
WATER, FISH, AND WILDLIFE ..................................... 406
Early Fish and Wildlife Protection ............................ 406
Fish and Wildlife Protection in the 20th Century .............. 407
   Wild and Scenic Rivers Act ................................. 408
   National Environmental Policy Act .......................... 410
   Endangered Species Act ..................................... 413
Wetlands and Wildlife ......................................... 415
      CASE STUDY  Snail Darters and the Little Tennessee
                  River ....................................... 421
      CASE STUDY  Whooping Cranes and the Platte River ........ 424
      CASE STUDY  Salmon and the Columbia River ............... 428
   Human-Environment Relationship ............................. 434
      GUEST ESSAY  Careers in Fish and Wildlife Management
                   by Larry Rogstad ........................... 434

CHAPTER 13
THE ECONOMICS OF WATER ........................................ 441
Introduction .................................................. 441
The Value of Water ............................................ 442
Water as a Public versus a Private Good ....................... 443
Privatization ................................................. 444
Water Affordability ........................................... 445
Water Marketing ............................................... 446
   Surface Water Marketing .................................... 446
   Groundwater Marketing ...................................... 449
Water Banking ................................................. 450
Pollution Fees and Credits .................................... 451
Environmental Values .......................................... 452

CHAPTER 14
WATER USE CONFLICTS ........................................... 455
Reasons for Water Use Conflicts ............................... 455
Texas ......................................................... 457
      GUEST ESSAY  Water Planning in Texas by Connie
                   Townsend ................................... 458
Alabama and Florida versus Georgia ............................ 463
Northern and Southern California .............................. 468
Canada ........................................................ 469
The Middle East ............................................... 470
   Religious/Political Background ............................. 471
   Water Resources in the Middle East ......................... 473
      West Bank Mountain Aquifer .............................. 473
      Jordan River ............................................ 473
   Tigris and Euphrates Rivers ................................ 475
Tragedy of the Commons ........................................ 477

CHAPTER  15
EMERGING WATER ISSUES ......................................... 482
Future Global Water Management Issues ......................... 483
   Population ................................................. 483
   Lack of Wastewater Treatment ............................... 483
   Environmental Degradation .................................. 484
      SCENARIO 1: "Business as Usual" ......................... 485
Future Global Water Management Solutions ...................... 486
   Privatization of Water Treatment and Delivery .............. 486
      SCENARIO 2: "Technology Saves the Day" .................. 487
   Groundwater Recharge ....................................... 487
   Water Conservation ......................................... 488
   Dam Construction ........................................... 489
      SCENARIO 3: "Global Warming Floods the World" ........... 490
   Water Education ............................................ 490
      The Watercourse and International Project WET ........... 490
      Water Education Foundation .............................. 491
      Groundwater Foundation .................................. 491
      American Ground Water Trust ............................. 491
      Stockholm International Water Institute ................. 492
The Need for Cooperation ...................................... 492
   The Human Factor ........................................... 492
   Ethics ..................................................... 493
   The Power of the Individual ................................ 494
      SCENARIO 4: "Space Is the Answer" ....................... 495
      GUEST ESSAY  Where Do We Go from Here? by Susan S.
                   Seacrest ................................... 496
Conclusions ................................................... 499

APPENDIX
Reading Topographic Maps ...................................... 503
Selected Environmental and Conservation Organizations ......... 504
   Ducks Unlimited ............................................ 504
   Environmental Defense Fund ................................. 504
   National Audubon Society ................................... 505
   National Wildlife Federation ............................... 506
   Nature Conservancy ......................................... 506
   Natural Resources Defense Council .......................... 506
   Sierra Club ................................................ 506
   Trout Unlimited ............................................ 507
   Wilderness Society ......................................... 507


PHOTO AND ILLUSTRATION CREDITS ................................ 509
GLOSSARY ...................................................... 513
INDEX ......................................................... 527


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