Preface page ................................................... ix
Abbreviations .................................................. xv
1 Reason ....................................................... 1
1 What Is Kantian Ethics1? .................................. l
2 Human Nature .............................................. 4
3 Gender and Race ........................................... 6
4 Rationalism .............................................. 12
5 Norms of Reason .......................................... 20
2 Moral Worth ................................................. 24
1 Acting from Duty ......................................... 25
2 Good Will ................................................ 31
3 The Duty to Act from Duty ................................ 33
4 Duty, Feeling, and Desire ................................ 34
5 Kant's Aims in the First Section of the Groundwork ....... 41
3 Ethical Theory .............................................. 43
1 The "Intuitional" or "Scientific" Model .................. 43
2 Doubts about this Model .................................. 47
3 The "Foundational" or "Philosophical" Model .............. 54
4 Тhе First Principle - Moral Rules or Duties - Moral
Judgment ................................................. 60
4 The Moral Law ............................................... 66
1 The Concept of a Categorical Imperative .................. 67
2 Kant's Systematic Presentation of the Supreme
Principle of Morality .................................... 68
3 Relations among the Formulas ............................. 79
4 The "Universal Formula" .................................. 82
5 Humanity .................................................... 85
1 What Is an End in Itself? ................................ 85
2 Humanity Is an End in Itself ............................. 88
3 The Dignity of Humanity .................................. 94
4 The Personhood of Human Beings ........................... 95
5 The Moral Status of Nonrational Animals ................. 101
6 Autonomy ................................................... 106
1 Tensions within the Idea of Autonomy .................... 106
2 Positive and Natural Law ................................ 108
3 77iЈ Author and Legislator of the Moral Law ............. 111
4 The Nature of the Will .................................. 114
5 How the Will Legislates to Itself ....................... 116
7 Freedom .................................................... 123
1 Practical Freedom ....................................... 124
2 Acting for Reasons ...................................... 127
3 Autonomy and Freedom .................................... 129
4 The Fact of Reason ...................................... 134
5 Noumenal Freedom ........................................ 135
6 How to Think about Freedom .............................. 138
8 Virtue ..................................................... 142
1 Actions and Agents ...................................... 142
2 Virtue as Strength ...................................... 143
3 Virtue and Temperament .................................. 146
4 Virtue, Duty, and Continence ............................ 148
5 Practical Judgment and Wisdom ........................... 152
6 Ideals and Principles ................................... 154
9 Duties ..................................................... 158
1 Kant's Concept of Duty .................................. 158
2 The System of Duties .................................... 161
3 The Principle of Ethical Duties ......................... 166
4 Duties to Oneself ....................................... 170
5 Duties of Love, and Respect ............................. 175
10 Conscience ................................................. 182
1 Conscience as Feeling ................................... 183
2 The Inner Court ......................................... 184
3 Conscience, Guilt, and Punishment ....................... 187
4 The Duty of Self-Knowledge .............................. 189
11 Social Justice ............................................. 193
1 Taxing the Rich to Support the Poor ..................... 194
2 General Injustice ....................................... 198
3 Fichte on Economic Justice .............................. 200
4 Kantian Ethics and Economic Right ....................... 203
12 Punishment ................................................. 206
1 What Is Retributivism? .................................. 208
2 Kant's Best Justification of Punishment ................. 213
3 Punishment and Universal Law ............................ 216
4 Is Retributivism Consistent with Kantian Ethics? ........ 219
13 Sex ........................................................ 224
1 Sexual Desire ........................................... 224
2 The Subjection of Women ................................. 228
3 The Meaning of the Figleaf .............................. 230
4 Kant's Defense of Marriage .............................. 234
14 Lies ....................................................... 240
1 Intentionally False Declarations ........................ 240
2 Kant and Constant ....................................... 244
3 Truthfulness as an Ethical Duty to Oneself .............. 251
4 The Inner Lie ........................................... 255
15 Consequences ............................................... 259
1 Kantian Ethics vs. "Consequentialism" ................... 259
2 Good versus Evil ........................................ 269
3 The Limits of Ethical Theory ............................ 271
Notes ......................................................... 275
Index ......................................................... 335
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