Smith A.T. The foundations of research and regional survey in the Tsaghkahovit Plain, Armenia / Smith A.T., Badalyan R.S., Avetisyan P.; with contributions by Greene A., Minc L. - [Chicago]: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 2009. - xlvi, 410 p., 82 p. of plates: ill. (some col.), maps (some col.), plans. - (The archaeology and geography of ancient Transcaucasian societies; 1) (Oriental Institute publications; 134). - Incl. bibl. ref. (p.xxi-xlvi) and index. - ISBN-10 1-885923-62-7; ISBN-13 978-1- 885923-62-2; ISSN 0069-3367  Место хранения:   088 | Институт археологии и этнографии СО РАН | Новосибирск | Библиотека

Оглавление / Contents

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .......................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES .............................................. xiii LIST OF PLATES ................................................. xv LIST OF TABLES ............................................... xvii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................... xix BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................. xxi CHAPTER 1. ARCHAEOLOGY IN ARMENIA: AN INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT ARAGATS Adam T. Smith ..................................... 1 IMAGINING ANCIENT ARMENIA AND THE CAUCASUS ...................... 2 GEOGRAPHIC INTRODUCTION TO THE REGION ........................... 4 Provinces .................................................... 5 Orography and Hydrology ...................................... 6 Southern Caucasia ............................................ 7 ORIENTATION TO THE FIELDWORK .................................... 7 CHAPTER 2. TRADITIONS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN ARMENIA Adam T. Smith ..................................... 9 ARCHAEOLOGY AND EMPIRE, 1704-1892 .............................. 10 Into the Caucasus ........................................... 10 Disciplining Archaeology in Southern Caucasia ............... 12 The Marr School ............................................. 13 CULTURE HISTORY AND HISTORICAL MATERIALISM, 1924-1959 .......... 15 The Formulation of Marxist Culture History .................. 16 Historical Materialism in Practice: The Impact of Karmir- Blur and Garni .............................................. 17 STRANGE BEDFELLOWS: FROM MATERIALIST ARCHAEOLOGY TO NATIONAL ARCHAEOLOGIES, 1959-1980 .................................... 18 CRISIS, TRANSITION, AND TRADITION, 1980-PRESENT ................ 20 CHAPTER 3. HISTORICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF SOUTHERN CAUCASIA Adam T. Smith .................................... 21 NEOLITHIC ANTECEDENTS .......................................... 21 COMMUNITY AND DISPERSION: THE EARLY BRONZE AGE ................. 24 MOBILITY AND MARTIALISM: THE MlDDLE BRONZE AGE ................. 27 EMERGENT COMPLEXITY: THE LATE BRONZE AGE AND IRON I PERIOD ..... 29 To and From Empire: The iron II and III Periods ................ 31 CHAPTER 4. PERIODIZATION AND CHRONOLOGY OF SOUTHERN CAUCASIA: FROM THE EARLY BRONZE AGE THROUGH THE IRON III PERIOD Ruben S. Badalyan, Pavel Avetisyan, and Adam T. Smith .................................... 33 TRADITIONS OF PERIODIZATION: THE EARLY BRONZE AGE .............. 35 TRADITIONS OF PERIODIZATION: THE MlDDLE BRONZE AGE ............. 38 TRADITIONS OF PERIODIZATION: THE LATE BRONZE AGE AND IRON I PERIOD (EARLY IRON AGE) ........................................ 39 TRADITIONS OF PERIODIZATION: THE IRON II-III PERIODS (URARTU- ACHAEMENID/YERVANDID) .......................................... 40 THE EARLY BRONZE AGE ........................................... 42 Elar-Aragats Group (Early Bronze I) ......................... 42 Shresh-Mokhrablur Group (Early Bronze II) ................... 47 Karnut-Shengavit Group (Early Bronze II) .................... 47 TRANSITION TO THE MlDDLE BRONZE AGE ............................ 52 Early Kurgans Group (Early Bronze IV/Middle Bronze I) ....... 52 THE MlDDLE BRONZE AGE .......................................... 55 Trialeti-Vanadzor I and II and Sevan-Uzerlik I Groups (Middle Bronze II) .......................................... 55 Karmirberd, Karmir Vank, Sevan-Uzerlik Groups, and the Late Group of Trialeti-Vanadzor (Middle Bronze III) ......... 66 THE LATE BRONZE AGE AND IRON I PERIOD .......................... 68 Lchashen-Metsamor 1 (Late Bronze I) ......................... 68 Lchashen-Metsamor 2 (Late Bronze II) ........................ 77 Lchashen-Metsamor 3 (Late Bronze III) ....................... 81 Lchashen-Metsamor 4 (Iron Ia) ............................... 83 Lchashen-Metsamor 5 (Iron Ib) ............................... 87 THE IRON II AND III PERIODS .................................... 91 Lchashen-Metsamor 6 (Iron II) ............................... 91 Iron III .................................................... 93 CHAPTER 5. REGIONAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE TSAGHKAHOVIT PLAIN: ORIENT ATION AND METHODOLOGY Adam T. Smith .................................... 95 THE PHYSICAL LANDSCAPE ......................................... 95 THE MODERN SOCIAL LANDSCAPE .................................... 96 BRUSHES WITH HISTORY: THE TSAGHKAHOVIT PLAIN AND TEXTUAL SOURCES ........................................................ 97 ISSUES AND GOALS ............................................... 98 FIELD INVESTIGATIONS .......................................... 100 SURVEY METHODS ................................................ 101 INTENSIVE SITE SURVEY ......................................... 102 TEST EXCAVATIONS .............................................. 103 AN OVERVIEW OF ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES .......................... 103 NOTES ON PERIODIZATION ........................................ 104 NOTES ON THE PLACE INDEX ...................................... 105 CONCLUDING NOTE ............................................... 109 CHAPTER 6. PLACE INDEX Adam T. Smith and Alan Greene ................... 111 ARTIFACT SCATTERS ............................................. 111 Gegharot Quadrant .......................................... 111 Tsaghkahovit Quadrant ...................................... 112 BURIAL CLUSTERS ............................................... 112 Aparan Quadrant ............................................ 112 Gegharot Quadrant .......................................... 113 Gegharot Kurgans Quadrant .................................. 123 Hnaberd Quadrant ........................................... 124 Lernapar Quadrant .......................................... 144 Mantash Quadrant ........................................... 145 Sahakaberd Quadrant ........................................ 165 Tsaghkahovit Quadrant ...................................... 184 CANALS AND CANAL TRACES ....................................... 254 Aparan Quadrant ............................................ 254 Kolgat Quadrant ............................................ 255 Mantash Quadrant ........................................... 258 Sahakaberd Quadrant ........................................ 265 Tsaghkahovit Quadrant ...................................... 266 CORRALS ....................................................... 269 Aparan Quadrant ............................................ 269 Kolgat Quadrant ............................................ 271 Mantash Quadrant ........................................... 272 Sahakaberd Quadrant ........................................ 276 Tsaghkahovit Quadrant ...................................... 277 FORTRESSES .................................................... 281 Aragatsiberd ............................................... 281 Ashot-Yerkat ............................................... 286 Berdidosh .................................................. 287 Gegharot ................................................... 288 Gekhadzor .................................................. 301 Hnaberd .................................................... 302 Lernapar ................................................... 308 Mirak ...................................................... 309 Poloz-Sar .................................................. 309 Sahakaberd ................................................. 310 Tsaghkahovit ............................................... 314 Tsilkar (Top Kar) .......................................... 328 ISOLATED ARCHITECTURE ......................................... 329 Aparan Quadrant ............................................ 329 Gegharot Quadrant .......................................... 330 Hnaberd Quadrant ........................................... 331 Mantash Quadrant ........................................... 332 Sahakaberd Quadrant ........................................ 336 Tsaghkahovit Quadrant ...................................... 337 ISOLATED BURIALS .............................................. 341 Aparan Quadrant ............................................ 341 Gegharot Quadrant .......................................... 343 Kolgat Quadrant ............................................ 343 Mantash Quadrant ........................................... 344 Tsaghkahovit Quadrant ...................................... 348 RESERVOIRS .................................................... 349 Aparan Quadrant ............................................ 349 Gegharot Quadrant .......................................... 351 Hnaberd Quadrant ........................................... 351 Kolgat Quadrant ............................................ 352 Mantash Quadrant ........................................... 354 Tsaghkahovit Quadrant ...................................... 356 SETTLEMENTS ................................................... 357 Gegharot Quadrant .......................................... 357 Hnaberd Quadrant ........................................... 358 Kolgat Quadrant ............................................ 358 Mantash Quadrant ........................................... 360 Nigavan Quadrant ........................................... 360 Sahakaberd Quadrant ........................................ 361 Tsaghkahovit Quadrant ...................................... 362 Tsilkar Quadrant ........................................... 364 STELAE ........................................................ 365 Aparan Quadrant ............................................ 365 Hnaberd Quadrant ........................................... 366 Mantash Quadrant ........................................... 366 Sahakaberd Quadrant ........................................ 369 Tsaghkahovit Quadrant ...................................... 370 CHAPTER 7. REMOTE SENSING DATA AND ANALYSIS Adam T. Smith and Alan Greene ................... 373 SITE DETECTION: AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY ............................ 373 Data Sources and Procedures ................................ 373 Features of Interest ....................................... 374 MODELING LANDSCAPE DYNAMICS: SATELLITE IMAGERY ................ 376 Available Sources .......................................... 376 MODERN LAND USE AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES: LAND AMELIORATION .................................................. 379 CONCLUSION .................................................... 379 CHAPTER 8. A COMPOSITIONAL PERSPECTIVE ON CERAMIC EXCHANGE AMONG LATE BRONZE AGE COMMUNITIES OF THE TSAGHKAHOVIT PLAIN Leah Minc ....................................... 381 INTRODUCTION .................................................. 381 APPROACHES TO CERAMIC PROVENANCE: METHODS AND DATABASE ........ 381 UNDERSTANDING NATURAL VARIABILITY IN CLAY RESOURCES ........... 382 UNDERSTANDING CULTURAL MODIFICATIONS: THE PETROGRAPHIC DATA ... 384 DETERMINING CERAMIC PROVENANCE ................................ 385 MONITORING CERAMIC EXCHANGE ................................... 389 CHAPTER 9. SHIFTING SOCIAL LANDSCAPES OF THE TSAGHKAHOVIT PLAIN Adam T. Smith ................................... 393 INITIAL PEOPLING .............................................. 393 VILLAGES OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE .............................. 393 THE FIRST "INTERMEDIATE" PERIOD: THE MlDDLE BRONZE AGE ........ 395 THE RISE OF COMPLEX POLITIES: THE LATE BRONZE AGE ............. 395 Fortresses and Political Sovereignty ....................... 395 Inequality and Institutional Order ......................... 397 Mobility and Subjectivity .................................. 398 The Second "Intermediate" Period: The Iron I—II Periods ....... 399 SETTLEMENT RETURNS: THE IRON III PERIOD ....................... 399 TOWARD THE MODERN LANDSCAPE: FROM THE MEDIEVAL TO THE SOVIET ERA ........................................................... 399 CONCLUSION .................................................... 400 INDEX OF PLACE NAMES AND ASSOCIATED FEATURES .................. 401