Contributors ................................................... xv
Preface ....................................................... xix
Hints from History: A Foreword ................................ xxv
Hendrik C. van de Hulst
Part I
Introduction
Chapter 1
Concepts, Terms, Notation
Michael I. Mishchenko, Joop W. Hovenier, and Larry D. Travis
I. Introduction ............................................. 3
II. Independent Scattering ................................... 4
III. Reference Frames and Particle Orientation ................ 5
IV. Amplitude Matrix ......................................... 7
V. Stokes Parameters ........................................ 9
VI. Phase Matrix ............................................ 11
VII. Total Optical Cross Sections ............................ 12
VIII. Dichroism and Extinction Matrix ......................... 13
IX. Reciprocity ............................................. 14
X. Ensemble Averaging ...................................... 15
XI. Scattering Matrix and Macroscopically Isotropic and
Symmetric Media ......................................... 17
XII. Multiple Scattering and Radiative Transfer Equation ..... 22
XIII. Appendix: Geometrical Interpretation of Stokes
Parameters and the Rotation Transformation Law
for I, Q, U, and V ...................................... 24
Chapter 2
Overview of Scattering by Nonspherical Particles
Michael I. Mishchenko, Warren J. Wiscombe, Joop W. Hovenier,
and Larry D. Travis
I. Introduction ............................................ 30
II. Exact Theories and Numerical Techniques ................. 31
III. Approximations .......................................... 45
IV. Measurements ............................................ 49
V. Manifestations of Nonsphericity in Electromagnetic
Scattering .............................................. 54
VI. Abbreviations ........................................... 59
Chapter 3
Basic Relationships for Matrices Describing
Scattering by Small Particles
Joop W. Hovenier and Cornelis V.M. van der Mee
I. Introduction ............................................ 61
II. Relationships for Scattering by One Particle in
a Fixed Orientation ..................................... 62
III. Relationships for Single Scattering by a Collection of
Particles ............................................... 74
IV. Testing Matrices Describing Scattering by Small
Particles ............................................... 77
V. Discussion and Outlook .................................. 82
Part II
Theoretical and Numerical Techniques
Chapter 4
Separation of Variables for Electromagnetic
Scattering by Spheroidal Particles
loan R. Ciric and Francis R. Cooray
I. Introduction ............................................ 90
II. Spheroidal Coordinate Systems ........................... 91
III. Spheroidal Wave Functions ............................... 92
IV. Spheroidal Vector Wave Functions ........................ 98
V. Electromagnetic Scattering by a Coated Lossy
Spheroid ............................................... 100
VI. Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves by a Chiral
Spheroid ............................................... 109
VII. Scattering by Systems of Arbitrarily Oriented
Spheroids .............................................. 114
Chapter 5
The Discrete Dipole Approximation for Light
Scattering by Irregular Targets
Bruce T. Draine
I. Introduction ........................................... 131
II. What Is the Discrete Dipole Approximation? ............. 132
III. The DDSCAT Scattering Code ............................. 133
IV. Dipole Array Geometry .................................. 134
V. Target Generation ...................................... 134
VI. Dipole Polarizabilities ................................ 136
VII. Accuracy and Validity Criteria ......................... 137
VIII. Solution Method ........................................ 137
IX. Computational Requirements ............................. 139
X. Benchmark Calculations: Scattering by Tetrahedra ....... 140
XI. Summary ................................................ 144
Chapter 6
T-Matrix Method and Its Applications
Michael I. Mishchenko, Larry D. Travis, and Andreas Macke
I. Introduction ........................................... 147
II. The T-Matrix Approach .................................. 148
III. Analytical Averaging over Orientations ................. 152
IV. Computation of the T Matrix for Single Particles ....... 157
V. Aggregated and Composite Particles ..................... 160
VI. Public-Domain T-Matrix Codes ........................... 166
VII. Applications ........................................... 170
Chapter 7
Finite Difference Time Domain Method for Light
Scattering by Nonspherical and Inhomogeneous
Particles
Ping Yang and K.N. Liou
I. Introduction ........................................... 174
II. Conceptual Basis of the Finite Difference Time Domain
Method ................................................. 175
III. Finite Difference Equations for the Near Field ......... 178
IV. Absorbing Boundary Condition ........................... 194
V. Field in Frequency Domain .............................. 201
VI. Transformation of Near Field to Far Field .............. 204
VII. Scattering Properties of Aerosols and Ice Crystals ..... 211
VIII. Conclusions ............................................ 220
Part III
Compounded, Heterogeneous, and
Irregular Particles
Chapter 8
Electromagnetic Scattering by Compounded
Spherical Particles
Kirk A. Fuller and Daniel W. Mackowski
I. Introduction ........................................... 226
II. Historical Overview .................................... 226
III. Scattering and Absorption of Light by Homogeneous and
Concentrically Stratified Spheres ...................... 229
IV. Eccentric Two-Sphere Systems ........................... 240
V. Aggregates of Ns Arbitrarily Configured Spheres ........ 243
VI. Cluster T Matrix and Random-Orientation Properties ..... 253
VII. Measurements and Applications .......................... 256
VIII. Vector Addition Theorem ................................ 267
Chapter 9
Effective Medium Approximations for
Heterogeneous Particles
Petr Chýlek, Gorden Videen, D.J. Wally Geldart,
J. Steven Dobbie, and H.C. William Tso
I. Introduction ........................................... 274
II. Effective Medium Approximations ........................ 275
III. Frequency-Dependent Dielectric Function ................ 277
IV. Dynamic Effective Medium Approximation ................. 282
V. Extended Effective Medium Approximations ............... 290
VI. Comparison with Other Approximations, Models, and
Measurements ........................................... 293
VII. Operational Definition of an Effective Dielectric
Constant ............................................... 306
VIII. Conclusions ............................................ 307
Chapter 10
Monte Carlo Calculations of Light Scattering by
Large Particles with Multiple Internal Inclusions
Andreas Macke
I. Introduction ........................................... 309
II. Ray-Tracing/Monte Carlo Technique ...................... 310
III. Results ................................................ 313
IV. Analytic Approximation ................................. 320
V. Conclusions ............................................ 322
Chapter 11
Light Scattering by Stochastically Shaped
Particles
Karri Muinonen
I. Introduction ........................................... 323
II. Stochastic Geometry .................................... 327
III. Scattering by Gaussian Particles ....................... 335
IV. Conclusion ............................................. 349
Part IV
Laboratory Measurements
Chapter 12
Measuring Scattering Matrices of Small Particles
at Optical Wavelengths
Joop W. Hovenier
I. Introduction ........................................... 355
II. Mueller Matrices and Polarization Modulation ........... 356
III. Experimental Setup ..................................... 360
IV. Tests .................................................. 361
V. Results ................................................ 362
Chapter 13
Microwave Analog to Light-Scattering Measurements
Bo Å.S. Gustafson
I. Introduction ........................................... 367
II. Analog Materials ....................................... 368
III. Measurement Principles ................................. 370
IV. Measurements ........................................... 378
V. Discussion ............................................. 389
Part V
Applications
Chapter 14
Lidar Backscatter Depolarization Technique for
Cloud and Aerosol Research
Kenneth Sassen
I. Introduction ........................................... 393
II. Theoretical Background ................................. 395
III. Polarization Lidar Design Considerations ............... 399
IV. Aerosol Research ....................................... 403
V. Water and Mixed-Phase Cloud Research ................... 406
VI. Cirrus Cloud Research .................................. 408
VII. Precipitation and the Phase Change ..................... 411
VIII. Conclusions and Outlook ................................ 414
Chapter 15
Light Scattering and Radiative Transfer in Ice
Crystal Clouds: Applications to Climate Research
K.N. Liou, Yoshihide Takano, and Ping Yang
I. Introduction ........................................... 418
II. Unified Theory for Light Scattering by Ice Crystals .... 418
III. Application to Remote Sensing and Climate Research ..... 435
IV. Summary ................................................ 447
Chapter 16
Centimeter and Millimeter Wave Scattering from
Nonspherical Hydrometeors
Kültegin Aydin
I. Introduction ........................................... 451
II. Polarimetric Radar Parameters .......................... 452
III. Hydrometeor Models ..................................... 456
IV. Scattering Characteristics of Hydrometeors ............. 459
V. Discrimination of Hydrometeors with Polarimetric
Radar .................................................. 470
VI. Quantitative Estimation with Polarimetric Radar ........ 476
Chapter 17
Microwave Scattering by Precipitation
Jeffrey L. Haferman
I. Introduction ........................................... 482
II. Review of Previous Work ................................ 485
III. Mathematical Formulation ............................... 499
IV. Examples of Model Atmosphere Simulations and Results ... 512
V. Conclusions and Recommendations ........................ 519
VI. Appendix A. Particle Size Distribution:
N(r) versus N(D) ....................................... 522
VII. Appendix B. Particle Size Distribution:
Equivalent Spheres ..................................... 522
VIII. Appendix C. Use of Power Law Distribution in T-Matrix
Method ................................................. 524
Chapter 18
Polarized Light Scattering in the Marine
Environment
Mary S. Quinby-Hunt, Patricia G. Hull, and Arlon J. Hunt
I. Introduction ........................................... 525
II. Analytical Description of Light Scattering ............. 527
III. Experimental Measurement Techniques .................... 533
IV. Polarized Light Scattering in the Marine Atmosphere .... 536
V. Polarized Light Scattering in the Submarine
Environment ............................................ 543
VI. Polarized Light Scattering in Sea Ice .................. 551
VII. Conclusions ............................................ 553
Chapter 19
Scattering Properties of Interplanetary Dust
Particles
Kari Lumme
I. Introduction ........................................... 555
II. Observations of Zodiacal Light and Their
Interpretation ......................................... 558
III. Dust in the Solar System: Complementary View ........... 568
IV. Shape Models for Dust Particles ........................ 572
V. Light Scattering by Cosmic Dust Particles .............. 578
VI. Discussion ............................................. 582
Chapter 20
Biophysical and Biomedical Applications of
Nonspherical Scattering
Alfons G. Hoekstra and Peter M.A. Sloot
I. Introduction ........................................... 585
II. Theoretical Framework .................................. 587
III. Experimental Techniques ................................ 596
IV. Concluding Remarks ..................................... 602
References .................................................... 603
Index ......................................................... 675
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