Preface page ................................................. vii
Acknowledgments ............................................... ix
Glossary ....................................................... x
Part 1. Setting the scene ...................................... 1
1. Introduction ................................................ 3
2. The energy conversion chain ................................ 10
3. Energy and the environment ................................. 18
3.1. Localized environmental concerns ...................... 18
3.2. Global environmental concerns ......................... 21
3.3. Adaptation and mitigation ............................. 34
Part II. The global energy demand and supply balance .......... 37
4. World energy demand ........................................ 39
5. World energy supply ........................................ 46
5.1. World energy sources .................................. 46
5.2. Fossil fuel resources ................................. 51
5.3. The global demand-supply balance ...................... 58
Part III. New and sustainable energy sources .................. 63
6. Non-conventional fossil fuels .............................. 65
6.1. New sources of oil and gas ............................ 65
6.2. Clean coal processes .................................. 70
6.3. Carbon mitigation ..................................... 75
7. Renewable energy sources ................................... 81
7.1. Introduction .......................................... 81
7.2. Solar energy .......................................... 83
7.3. Wind energy ........................................... 94
7.4. Biomass energy ....................................... 100
7.5. Hydroelectric power .................................. 103
7.6. Ocean energy ......................................... 105
7.7. Geothermal energy .................................... 110
8. Nuclear power ............................................. 115
8.1. Introduction ......................................... 115
8.2. Light-water reactors ................................. 116
8.3. Heavy-water reactors ................................. 120
8.4. Other reactor types .................................. 122
8.5. Advanced reactor designs ............................. 124
8.6. Nuclear power and sustainability ..................... 128
8.7. Nuclear power economics and. public acceptance ....... 135
Part IV. Towards a sustainable energy balance ................ 139
9. The transportation challenge .............................. 141
9.1. Transportation energy use ............................ 141
9.2. Road vehicles ........................................ 144
9.3. Trains, planes, and ships ............................ 162
Achieving a sustainable energy balance .................... 165
Appendix: Energy conversion factors ....................... 176
Index ........................................................ 177
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